Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the differences between autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, and synaptic signals?
What are the differences between autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, and synaptic signals?
- Endocrine- long distance chemical signaling (correct)
- Synaptic- signal passed by neurotransmitters (correct)
- Autocrine- signal to self (correct)
- Paracrine- signal to nearby cells (correct)
Signaling by histamine is an example of?
Signaling by histamine is an example of?
paracrine signaling
What are the broad differences between the endocrine system and the immune system?
What are the broad differences between the endocrine system and the immune system?
Endocrine: chemical signals (hormones), slower, longer lasting; Immune system: electrical signals & neurotransmitters, rapid, short-lived.
What is an animal hormone?
What is an animal hormone?
The process of maintaining homeostasis involves a sensor in the body recognizing change and sending a message to the __________, which then releases hormones to the target cells.
The process of maintaining homeostasis involves a sensor in the body recognizing change and sending a message to the __________, which then releases hormones to the target cells.
The majority of hormones are regulated by?
The majority of hormones are regulated by?
What do effector cells need to recognize a hormone?
What do effector cells need to recognize a hormone?
Hormones are produced and released by?
Hormones are produced and released by?
What system broadcast hormones through the body?
What system broadcast hormones through the body?
Which cells are the only ones able to receive the hormonal signal and respond?
Which cells are the only ones able to receive the hormonal signal and respond?
Match the types of animal hormones with their examples:
Match the types of animal hormones with their examples:
What are the differences between water soluble and lipid soluble hormones?
What are the differences between water soluble and lipid soluble hormones?
What are two responses that water soluble hormones have?
What are two responses that water soluble hormones have?
What is the sole response of lipid soluble hormones?
What is the sole response of lipid soluble hormones?
How can a single hormone produce different effects?
How can a single hormone produce different effects?
How can two different hormones produce the same effect?
How can two different hormones produce the same effect?
What are the key organs in the endocrine system?
What are the key organs in the endocrine system?
How does the pituitary gland release hormones into the body?
How does the pituitary gland release hormones into the body?
What is the main difference between the posterior pituitary gland and the anterior pituitary gland?
What is the main difference between the posterior pituitary gland and the anterior pituitary gland?
What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland release?
What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland release?
What effect does ADH being inhibited by alcohol have?
What effect does ADH being inhibited by alcohol have?
What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce and release?
What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce and release?
What responses do growth hormones cause?
What responses do growth hormones cause?
What can too much or too little growth hormone cause?
What can too much or too little growth hormone cause?
What is the main role of the thyroid and parathyroid glands?
What is the main role of the thyroid and parathyroid glands?
What does the thyroid produce and what is their main role?
What does the thyroid produce and what is their main role?
What is calcitonin?
What is calcitonin?
What does the parathyroid produce and what is their main role?
What does the parathyroid produce and what is their main role?
The production of thyroid hormones is influenced by?
The production of thyroid hormones is influenced by?
What is the function of TRH?
What is the function of TRH?
What would you expect to happen if a person had very little iodine?
What would you expect to happen if a person had very little iodine?
What is the consequence of a lack of iodine?
What is the consequence of a lack of iodine?
What do calcitonin (CT) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulate?
What do calcitonin (CT) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulate?
What causes a decrease in blood calcium levels?
What causes a decrease in blood calcium levels?
What causes an increase in blood calcium levels?
What causes an increase in blood calcium levels?
What does the pancreas in the endocrine system produce?
What does the pancreas in the endocrine system produce?
What happens to blood glucose after you eat a meal?
What happens to blood glucose after you eat a meal?
Explain why both types of Diabetes Mellitus have high blood glucose.
Explain why both types of Diabetes Mellitus have high blood glucose.
What is the adrenal gland involved in?
What is the adrenal gland involved in?
What is the difference between the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla?
What is the difference between the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla?
What controls parts of the adrenal glands?
What controls parts of the adrenal glands?
What triggers the fight or flight response in the body?
What triggers the fight or flight response in the body?
What changes occur in your body during the fight or flight response?
What changes occur in your body during the fight or flight response?
What types of hormones does the adrenal cortex produce in response to stress?
What types of hormones does the adrenal cortex produce in response to stress?
Why are you more likely to get sick when you're stressed out?
Why are you more likely to get sick when you're stressed out?
What hormones do the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla release?
What hormones do the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla release?
What controls the release and production of the 3 hormones released by the adrenal cortex?
What controls the release and production of the 3 hormones released by the adrenal cortex?
What major role does the adrenal medulla play in?
What major role does the adrenal medulla play in?
Study Notes
Signaling Mechanisms
- Autocrine signals act on the same cell that secretes them.
- Paracrine signals target nearby cells rather than distant ones.
- Endocrine signals involve hormones that travel long distances through the bloodstream.
- Synaptic signals are transmitted via neurotransmitters across nerve synapses.
Histamine Signaling
- Histamine operates using paracrine signaling, affecting nearby cells.
Endocrine vs Immune System
- The endocrine system relies on long-lasting chemical signals (hormones) and acts slowly.
- The immune system uses rapid electrical signals and neurotransmitters for quick responses.
Animal Hormones
- Hormones are chemicals produced in small quantities that modify the activity of target cells.
- Essential for maintaining homeostasis within the body.
Homeostasis Process
- Body sensors detect changes and relay messages to endocrine glands acting as control centers.
- Hormones are sent to target cells that instigate changes to restore balance through negative feedback.
Hormone Regulation
- The majority of hormone levels are maintained through negative feedback mechanisms.
- Effector cells require specific receptors to recognize hormones.
Hormone Production and Release
- Hormones are produced and secreted by endocrine cells.
- The circulatory system is responsible for distributing hormones throughout the body.
Target Cells
- Only target cells have the necessary receptors to respond to specific hormones.
Types of Hormones
- Water-soluble hormones include proteins, peptides, and amines.
- Lipid-soluble hormones consist of steroids and can easily pass through cell membranes.
Hormonal Responses
- Water-soluble hormones prompt:
- Changes in existing protein activity.
- Modifications in protein synthesis.
- Lipid-soluble hormones typically lead to the creation of new proteins.
Hormone Receptor Diversity
- A single hormone can lead to varying effects due to different receptors on different cells.
- Two hormones may elicit the same response by influencing the same set of proteins.
Key Endocrine Organs
- Important organs include the hypothalamus, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pituitary gland, and pancreas.
Pituitary Gland Function
- Works as a relay from the hypothalamus, releasing hormones that influence body functions.
Posterior vs Anterior Pituitary
- Posterior pituitary releases hormones directly from neurons originating in the hypothalamus.
- Anterior pituitary consists mainly of hormone-releasing cells.
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
- Oxytocin: Stimulates milk release and uterine contractions.
- ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone): Reduces urination and promotes water retention, inhibited by alcohol.
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
- Produces several hormones including ACTH, growth hormone (GH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
Growth Hormone Functions
- Regulates blood sugar, promotes bone growth, breaks down fats, and increases muscle mass.
- Abnormal levels can lead to gigantism or dwarfism.
Thyroid Gland Functions
- Regulates energy levels through blood sugar control and produces thyroid hormones T3 and T4, which promote glucose breakdown.
Calcitonin and Parathyroid Hormone
- Calcitonin regulates and decreases blood calcium levels.
- Parathyroid hormones increase blood calcium levels.
Thyroid Hormone Regulation
- Influenced by the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.
- TRH stimulates TSH release, which subsequently increases thyroid hormones in the bloodstream.
Iodine Deficiency Consequences
- Insufficient iodine results in inadequate thyroid hormone production, leading to unchecked TRH and TSH production.
Blood Calcium Regulation
- Calcitonin decreases blood calcium.
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood calcium.
Pancreatic Hormones
- Produces antagonistic hormones:
- Insulin lowers blood glucose.
- Glucagon raises blood glucose levels.
Blood Glucose Levels
- Post-meal increases blood glucose and insulin levels.
- Morning fasting typically results in low blood glucose.
Diabetes Mellitus
- Type 1: High blood glucose due to an inability to produce insulin.
- Type 2: High blood glucose due to cellular resistance to insulin.
Adrenal Gland Functions
- Involved in stress regulation.
Adrenal Cortex vs Medulla
- Cortex handles long-term stress responses, while medulla is responsible for short-term stress responses via rapid signals.
Hypothalamus and Stress Response
- The hypothalamus influences adrenal gland functions through hormonal signals.
Fight or Flight Response
- Triggered by the adrenal medulla, leading to increased blood flow, pupil dilation, and heightened glucose levels.
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
- Produces glucocorticoids (increases blood glucose, suppresses immune function) and mineralocorticoids (raises blood pressure).
Stress and Immunity
- Stress can weaken the immune system due to the effects of glucocorticoids.
Hormones from Adrenal Glands
- Adrenal cortex releases glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
- Adrenal medulla releases adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).
Adrenal Cortex Hormonal Control
- Regulated by the pituitary gland and ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone).
Autonomic Nervous System Role
- The adrenal medulla plays a significant role in the autonomic nervous system.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the endocrine system with these flashcards. Learn about different types of signaling, including autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, and synaptic signals. This quiz will help reinforce key differences and concepts within the subject.
