Questions and Answers
How are the multiplication and addition rules used to calculate probabilities?
The product rule states that the probability of two independent events occurring together can be calculated by multiplying the individual probabilities of each event occurring alone.
Briefly state Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment.
Segregation: two alleles of a single trait will separate randomly, meaning that there is a 50% either allele will end up in either gamete. Independent Assortment: genes do not influence each other with regard to the sorting of alleles into gametes, and every possible combination of alleles for every gene is equally likely to occur.
What are linked genes?
Genes that are on the same chromosome.
What is hybridization?
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What is a trait?
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What is a dominant trait?
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What is a recessive trait?
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What is the product rule of probability?
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What is the sum rule of probability?
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What is a phenotype?
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What is a genotype?
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What does homozygous mean?
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What does heterozygous mean?
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What is a Punnett Square?
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What is codominance?
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What are X-linked traits?
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What is the principle of independent assortment?
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What is genetic linkage?
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What are multiple alleles?
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What is the principle of segregation?
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What is epistasis?
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What is an allele?
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What are autosomes?
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What is a dihybrid?
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What is a monohybrid?
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Use complementary base-pairing rules to predict messenger RNA sequences.
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Use the genetic code to predict amino acid sequences given messenger RNA sequences.
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Describe transcription and translation, how they differ, and where they occur (central dogma).
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Classify mutations as deleterious, beneficial, or neutral.
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Describe the structure of DNA, how its structure relates to its function.
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What is the product rule?
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Study Notes
Probability Rules in Genetics
- Product Rule: The probability of two independent events occurring together is calculated by multiplying their individual probabilities.
- Sum Rule: The probability of at least one of two mutually exclusive events occurring is the sum of their individual probabilities.
Mendel's Genetic Laws
- Law of Segregation: Alleles for a single trait separate randomly, resulting in a 50% chance for either allele to be inherited in gametes.
- Law of Independent Assortment: Genes assort independently during gamete formation, leading to equally likely combinations of alleles.
Genetic Terms
- Linked Genes: Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together.
- Hybridization: The process of mating individuals with different traits.
- Trait: A characteristic of an organism; part of its phenotype.
- Dominant Trait: A trait that manifests in the phenotype regardless of whether one or two copies of the gene are present.
- Recessive Trait: A trait that appears only when two copies of the gene are inherited.
Genetic Composition
- Phenotype: The observable expression of traits in an organism.
- Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism, encompassing both expressed and non-expressed alleles.
- Homozygous: Having two identical alleles for a given gene.
- Heterozygous: Having two different alleles for a given gene.
Genetic Tools and Concepts
- Punnett Square: A chart used to predict the possible allele combinations from a genetic cross.
- Codominance: A form of inheritance where both phenotypes are fully and simultaneously expressed in the heterozygote.
- X-Linked Traits: Traits determined by genes located on the X chromosome, absent on the Y chromosome.
- Multiple Alleles: A gene possessing more than two possible allelic forms.
Genetic Interaction and Principles
- Epistasis: Gene interaction where one gene modifies the phenotypic expression of another gene.
- Autosomes: Non-sex chromosomes that contribute to an organism's genetic makeup.
- Dihybrid Cross: A genetic cross involving two traits from true-breeding parents.
- Monohybrid Cross: A genetic cross focusing on a single trait from true-breeding parents.
Fundamental Genetic Principles
- Principle of Segregation: Alleles separate equally into gametes, giving offspring an equal chance of receiving a combination of alleles.
- Genetic Linkage: Close proximity of alleles on the same chromosome increases the likelihood of them being inherited together.
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
- Transcription: The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.
- Translation: The process of synthesizing proteins from messenger RNA sequences.
- Both processes illustrate how genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.
Mutation Classification
- Mutations can be categorized as:
- Deleterious: Harmful mutations that may reduce fitness.
- Beneficial: Mutations that enhance fitness.
- Neutral: Mutations that neither benefit nor harm the organism.
DNA Structure and Function
- DNA's double-helix structure allows for efficient storage of genetic information and precise replication during cell division.
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Prepare for your Biology Exam 3 with this comprehensive study guide featuring essential flashcards. This guide covers key concepts such as probability rules and Mendel's laws of genetics, providing a strong foundation for your understanding. Master these topics to excel in your upcoming exam.