Biology Exam 3 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What does it mean that plants are photoautotrophs?

They use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic materials.

Which of these phosphorylates ADP to make ATP?

  • ATP synthase
  • Chlorophyll (correct)
  • Photosystem II
  • Ferredoxin
  • NADP+ reductase
  • _____ releases energy that is used to pump hydrogen ions from the stroma into the thylakoid compartment.

    Photophosphorylation

    _____ splits water into 1/2 O2, H+, and e-.

    <p>Photosystem II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Energized electrons from ____ enter an electron transport chain and are then used to reduce NADP+.

    <p>Photosystem I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can chlorophyll be found?

    <p>In the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a product of the light reactions of photosynthesis?

    <p>Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the inputs of the Light Reaction?

    <p>NADP+, water, ADP, light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the outputs of the Light Reaction?

    <p>NADPH, O2, ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the inputs of the Calvin Cycle?

    <p>CO2, ATP, NADPH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the output of the Calvin Cycle?

    <p>ADP, G3P, NADP+.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the light reactions, light energy is used to oxidize ______ to _______.

    <p>H2O; O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The electrons derived from this oxidation reaction in the light reactions are used to reduce _________ to _________.

    <p>NADP+; NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Calvin cycle oxidizes the light-reactions product ________ to ________.

    <p>NADPH; NADP+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The electrons derived from this oxidation reaction in the Calvin cycle are used to reduce _________ to _________.

    <p>CO2; G3P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall function of the Calvin cycle?

    <p>Making sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate source of energy to support most life on Earth?

    <p>Sunlight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which products of the light reactions of photosynthesis are utilized in the Calvin cycle?

    <p>NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

    <p>In the stroma of the chloroplast.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle?

    <p>Synthesize simple sugar from carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation best summarizes photosynthesis?

    <p>6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

    <p>In the stroma of the chloroplast.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____.

    <p>Water; NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes ATP production resulting from the capture of light energy by chlorophyll?

    <p>Photophosphorylation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chemiosmotic hypothesis states that the synthesis of ATP generates a proton gradient that leads to electron flow through an electron transport chain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis, what provides the energy that directly drives ATP synthesis?

    <p>Proton gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which particles can pass through the ATP synthase channel?

    <p>Protons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The region of ATP synthase that catalyzes the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate spans the chloroplast membrane.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion can be drawn when chloroplast membrane vesicles equilibrated in a simple solution of pH 5 is adjusted to pH 8?

    <p>ATP will not be produced because there is no ADP and inorganic phosphate in the solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?

    <p>Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules; respiration releases energy from complex organic molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process produces oxygen?

    <p>Photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which set of reactions uses H2O and produces O2?

    <p>The light-dependent reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of the light-independent reactions in terms of carbon flow in the biosphere?

    <p>They turn CO2, a gas, into usable carbon in the form of sugars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis use water and produce oxygen.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is the primary product of photosystem I?

    <p>NADPH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biological significance of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

    <p>They convert carbon dioxide to sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the relationship between the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

    <p>The light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH, which are used by the light-independent reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reaction ensures that the Calvin cycle can make a continuous supply of glucose?

    <p>Regeneration of RuBP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When light strikes chlorophyll molecules, they lose electrons, which are ultimately replaced by _____.

    <p>splitting water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the electromagnetic spectrum, the type of radiation that we call visible light occurs between _____ and _____.

    <p>ultraviolet radiation and infrared radiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final electron acceptor associated with photosystem I?

    <p>NADP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the photosynthetic membranes found in plant cells?

    <p>In the chloroplasts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which product of the light reactions of photosynthesis is consumed during the Calvin cycle?

    <p>NADPH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Photosynthesis Overview

    • Plants function as photoautotrophs, utilizing light energy to synthesize organic molecules from inorganic materials.
    • Photosynthesis occurs in two main stages: light reactions and the Calvin cycle.

    Light Reactions

    • Light reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes, utilizing water and producing oxygen, NADPH, and ATP.
    • Input components for light reactions include NADP+, water, ADP, and light.
    • Key outcomes of light reactions are NADPH, O2, and ATP.
    • Photophosphorylation refers to ATP production driven by light energy captured by chlorophyll.
    • Electrons from water (H2O) are oxidized to produce oxygen (O2) and are then transferred to reduce NADP+ to NADPH.

    Key Components

    • Chlorophyll is located in the thylakoid membranes, capturing light energy.
    • Energized electrons from chlorophyll enter the electron transport chain, powering the formation of NADPH.

    Calvin Cycle

    • The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast and synthesizes simple sugars from carbon dioxide.
    • Inputs for the Calvin cycle are CO2, ATP, and NADPH, while outputs include ADP, G3P (a sugar), and NADP+.
    • The cycle operates by using ATP and NADPH produced during the light reactions to convert CO2 into glucose.

    Interconnections

    • ATP and NADPH from light reactions are essential for driving the Calvin cycle.
    • The synthesis of glucose during the Calvin cycle allows energy stored in complex organic molecules to be utilized by living organisms.

    Photosynthesis Equations

    • The overall equation summarizing photosynthesis is: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2.

    Light-Dependent Reactions

    • Light-dependent reactions involve the use of water and produce oxygen.
    • These reactions lead to the generation of a proton gradient, crucial for ATP synthesis via ATP synthase.

    Importance of Reactions

    • The light-independent (Calvin cycle) reactions convert gaseous CO2 into usable sugars, playing a significant role in the carbon flow within the biosphere.
    • Continuous regeneration of RuBP is essential to sustain the Calvin cycle and ensure a steady supply of glucose.

    Spectral Regions

    • Visible light is a narrow band of the electromagnetic spectrum located between ultraviolet and infrared radiation.

    Electron Transport in Photosystems

    • In photosystem I, the final electron acceptor is NADP+, which helps form NADPH for use in the Calvin cycle.
    • Light energy causes chlorophyll to lose electrons, which are replenished by the splitting of water.

    Membrane Structures

    • Photosynthetic membranes, including thylakoid membranes within chloroplasts, are crucial for compartmentalizing reactions and facilitating photosynthesis.

    Significance of Photosynthesis

    • Photosynthesis ultimately supports life on Earth by converting sunlight into chemical energy stored in sugar, which is then accessible to various organisms.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts from Biology Exam 3 with these flashcards. This quiz covers important definitions and processes relating to plant biology and energy transfer. Perfect for exam preparation and review.

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