Biology End of Term Exam

Blood Vessel

• There are three main types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries
• Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart
• Capillaries allow for the exchange of oxygen and nutrients with cells and removal of waste products

Structure

• Blood vessels have three main layers: tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa
• The tunica intima is the innermost layer, made up of endothelial cells
• The tunica media is the middle layer, made up of smooth muscle and elastic fibers
• The tunica externa is the outermost layer, made up of connective tissue

Function

• Blood vessels transport blood throughout the body
• They regulate blood pressure through vasoconstriction and vasodilation
• They also facilitate the exchange of oxygen and nutrients with cells and removal of waste products

Blood Cells

• There are three main types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
• Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body
• White blood cells are part of the immune system and help fight infection
• Platelets are responsible for blood clotting

Structure

• Red blood cells are disk-shaped and lack a nucleus
• White blood cells have a nucleus and are often irregularly shaped
• Platelets are small, disk-shaped cells

Function

• Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues
• White blood cells help fight infection and disease
• Platelets are responsible for forming blood clots to stop bleeding

The Heart

• The heart is a muscle that pumps blood throughout the body
• It has four chambers: the left and right atria and the left and right ventricles
• The atria receive blood, while the ventricles pump blood out of the heart

Labeling the Parts of the Heart

• The atria are the upper chambers of the heart
• The ventricles are the lower chambers of the heart
• The septum is the wall that separates the left and right sides of the heart
• The valves are flaps that prevent blood from flowing backwards

The Male Reproductive System

• The main function of the male reproductive system is to produce sperm and deliver it to the female reproductive system
• The system consists of the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate gland, urethra, and penis

Labeling the Parts of the Male Reproductive System

• The testes are the organs that produce sperm
• The epididymis is a tube that stores sperm
• The vas deferens is a tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the penis
• The prostate gland is a gland that produces fluids that make up semen
• The urethra is a tube that carries semen and urine out of the body
• The penis is the external genital organ that delivers sperm to the female reproductive system

Function of the Parts of the Male Reproductive System

• The testes produce sperm through a process called spermatogenesis
• The epididymis stores sperm until they are mature
• The vas deferens carries sperm to the penis
• The prostate gland produces fluids that make up semen
• The urethra carries semen and urine out of the body

The Female Reproductive System

• The main function of the female reproductive system is to produce eggs and support fetal development
• The system consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina

Labeling the Parts of the Female Reproductive System

• The ovaries are the organs that produce eggs
• The fallopian tubes are tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus
• The uterus is the organ that supports fetal development
• The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina
• The vagina is the external genital organ that receives sperm during sexual intercourse

Function of the Parts of the Female Reproductive System

• The ovaries produce eggs through a process called oogenesis
• The fallopian tubes allow eggs to travel from the ovaries to the uterus
• The uterus supports fetal development during pregnancy
• The cervix opens into the vagina, allowing sperm to enter the uterus
• The vagina receives sperm during sexual intercourse

Menstrual Cycle

• The menstrual cycle is the process by which the female reproductive system prepares for pregnancy
• It consists of the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase
• The follicular phase is the period of time when the follicles in the ovaries mature
• Ovulation is the release of an egg from the ovary
• The luteal phase is the period of time when the empty follicle produces progesterone

Hormones

• Estrogen is the hormone that stimulates the growth of the uterine lining
• Progesterone is the hormone that prepares the uterine lining for implantation of a fertilized egg
• If pregnancy occurs, progesterone helps maintain the pregnancy

Diffusion, Osmosis, and Active Transport

• Passive transport is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
• Active transport is the movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
• Diffusion is a type of passive transport that occurs through a selectively permeable membrane
• Osmosis is a type of passive transport that occurs through a selectively permeable membrane and involves the movement of water molecules
• Active transport requires energy and is often used to transport molecules against their concentration gradient

Assess your knowledge of biology concepts including blood vessels, blood cells, the heart, male and female reproductive systems, menstrual cycle, and transport mechanisms.