Biology Ecosystems and Interactions Review

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Questions and Answers

Which term describes the role an organism plays within its ecosystem?

Biomass

Niche (correct)

Carrying capacity

Trophic Level

What is the approximate percentage of energy transferred between trophic levels in an ecosystem?

50%

10% (correct)

90%

25%

Which of the following is an example of a biotic factor in an ecosystem?

Water

Fungi (correct)

Temperature

Sunlight

Which interaction describes one organism benefiting by killing and consuming another?

Predation Signup and view all the answers

What process is primarily responsible for introducing energy into a food chain?

Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best defines the term 'biosphere'?

The region of Earth that supports life Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of acid precipitation?

The mixing of pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides with water vapor. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the maximum population size an ecosystem can sustain?

Carrying Capacity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is the most reactive alkali metal?

Francium (Fr) Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is formed by the sharing of electrons?

Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl₄) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct formula for Boron Oxide?

B₂O₃ Signup and view all the answers

In a Bohr-Rutherford diagram of Calcium Oxide (CaO), how many electrons are in the outer shell of the oxygen ion?

8 Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is the most reactive nonmetal?

Fluorine (F) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a keystone species?

A species that has a large impact on its ecosystem relative to its abundance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem?

Biotic factors are living components, while abiotic factors are non-living components. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following relationships is an example of mutualism?

Bees pollinating flowers while collecting nectar. Signup and view all the answers

What is bioaccumulation in the context of a food chain?

The gradual build-up of toxins in organisms at higher trophic levels. Signup and view all the answers

Which human activity is a major contributor to increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere?

Burning fossil fuels for energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is an ecological footprint?

A measure of the impact of human activities on Earth's ecosystems. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT considered to be a 'greenhouse gas'?

Nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary cause of acid precipitation?

The burning of fossil fuels (releasing sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides). Signup and view all the answers

What is static electricity primarily caused by?

The build-up of electric charge on an object’s surface. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a conductor in an electric circuit?

To allow the easy flow of electric charge. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these materials would be classified as an insulator?

Rubber Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a ground in an electrical system?

To serve as a safe path for electric charge to flow into the Earth. Signup and view all the answers

In a voltaic cell, which component allows ions to move and conduct electricity?

The electrolyte Signup and view all the answers

What is one key difference between a primary cell (like an alkaline battery) and a secondary cell (like a lithium-ion battery)?

Primary cells are non-rechargeable; secondary cells are rechargeable. Signup and view all the answers

If a neutral object is brought near a negatively charged objec, which event is most likely to occur?

Induced charge separation will occur within the neutral object. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process by which a fuel cell generates electricity?

Chemical reaction Signup and view all the answers

In an electrical circuit, which of the following describes a situation where no current will flow?

Open circuit Signup and view all the answers

When charging an object by friction, what is the fundamental process that causes the charge transfer?

Electron transfer Signup and view all the answers

If a negatively charged rod is brought near a neutral metal sphere and the sphere is then grounded, what charge will remain on the sphere?

Positive Signup and view all the answers

In a series circuit, how does the electric current distribute among the components?

Current is the same through each component Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit, according to Ohm's Law?

Voltage = Current × Resistance Signup and view all the answers

A dryer with a power rating of 5000 W runs for 20 minutes. What is the energy consumption of the dryer in kWh? Round to 1 decimal place.

1.7 kWh Signup and view all the answers

A kettle produces 162 kJ of useful energy. If its total energy consumed is 200 kJ, what is the efficiency of the kettle?

81% Signup and view all the answers

If a computer consumes 900 W of power for 20 minutes and has an efficiency of 88%, what is the useful energy produced? (round to 1 decimal place)

264 kJ Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a pure substance?

Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a heterogeneous mixture?

Gravel Signup and view all the answers

In a solution of saltwater, what is the solute?

Salt Signup and view all the answers

What is the phase change called when a solid turns directly into a gas?

Sublimation Signup and view all the answers

What would be the resulting charges after rubbing wool and rubber together?

Wool positive, rubber negative Signup and view all the answers

How does a negatively charged rod charge a neutral object by contact?

By transferring negative charges to the neutral object. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the process of solidification?

A liquid turning into a solid. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of a quantitative observation?

The liquid's temperature is 25°C. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following properties is considered a chemical property?

The flammability of the substance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of a physical change?

Change in state without altering chemical composition. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between atomic number and an element's identity?

The atomic number is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus, which defines the element. Signup and view all the answers

What are isotopes?

Atoms of the same elements with the different numbers of neutrons. Signup and view all the answers

According to Dalton's Atomic Theory, what happens during a chemical reaction?

Atoms are rearranged and form new compounds. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key idea of Thomson's Plum Pudding Model of the atom?

The atom is a positive sphere with negative electrons embedded in it. Signup and view all the answers

What was Rutherford's main conclusion from the gold foil experiment?

The atom has a small, dense, positively charged nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

In the Bohr model of the atom, how do the electrons orbit the nucleus?

In specific energy levels or shells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge, location, and relative mass of an electron?

Negative charge, in orbitals around nucleus, very small mass. Signup and view all the answers

How many valence electrons does a neutral atom of phosphorus (P) have, given its electron configuration of 2, 8, and 5?

5 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of metals?

Good conductors of heat and electricity and malleable. Signup and view all the answers

Which family of elements is known for being highly reactive with water, and soft good conductors?

Alkali Metals. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT evidence of a chemical change?

Melting Ice Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biology Exam Review

Ecosystems: An ecosystem is a community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. A sustainable ecosystem maintains its structure and function over time without depleting resources.
Biotic and Abiotic Factors: Biotic factors are living components (plants, animals, fungi). Abiotic factors are non-living components (water, sunlight, temperature, soil).
Niche and Trophic Level: An organism's niche is its role within an ecosystem. A trophic level is an organism's position in the food chain. Trophic efficiency is generally 10%, meaning only 10% of energy is transferred from one level to the next.
Symbiosis, Predation, Competition: Symbiosis describes close relationships between different species (mutualism, parasitism, commensalism). Predation is where one organism hunts and eats another. Competition is a struggle between organisms for resources (food, territory).
Food Webs and Chains: Food chains are linear sequences of energy and nutrient transfer. Food webs are complex, interconnected food chains. Producers form the base of food chains, making their own food (photosynthesis). Consumers eat other organisms. Decomposers break down dead matter. Biomass is the total mass of living organisms.
Human Impact and Environmental Concerns: Human activities affect the carbon cycle, leading to global warming. Greenhouse gases trap heat. These gases are produced by fossil fuel burning, deforestation, and agriculture. Acid precipitation damages ecosystems, kills aquatic life, and harms plants. Pollution, habitat destruction, and introduction of invasive species decrease biodiversity. Ecological footprint measures human impact.
Populations and Limiting Factors: Populations are groups of the same species in an area. Exponential growth occurs without limiting factors. Carrying capacity is the maximum population size an ecosystem can support. Limiting factors limit population growth, such as food availability, space, and disease.
Biodiversity: Biodiversity is the variety of life in an ecosystem. Hot spots are areas with high biodiversity at risk from human activities. Stewardship is responsible management of natural resources.

Physics Exam Review

Static vs. Current Electricity: Static electricity is the build-up of charge, often by friction. Current electricity is the flow of charge through a conductor. An electrostatic series ranks materials based on their electron transfer tendencies.
Electric Properties: Conductors allow charge flow and insulators do not. Semiconductors conduct under specific conditions. A ground provides a path for charge to flow harmlessly into the earth. Electroscopes are charge detectors. An electric field surrounds a charged object, and it affects other charges. Induced charge separation happens when a charged object affects a neutral one.
Electrical Circuits: Electric circuits are closed loops for current flow. Voltaic cells (batteries) convert chemical energy to electrical energy. Batteries utilize electrodes and electrolytes. Types of batteries include dry and wet cells (primary and secondary).
Circuit Components: Electrodes are current input/output points in cells/batteries. Electrolytes enable ion movement in cells/batteries, commonly found in liquid or paste form. A load uses electrical energy (e.g., light bulb). Current is charge flow (amperes). Resistance opposes current flow (ohms). Open circuits have incomplete paths, hindering current flow. Closed circuits allow current to flow.
Charging Methods: Charging by friction, conduction, and induction involve electron transfer. Charging by friction happens when objects rub together. Charging by conduction involves transferring charge through direct contact. Charging by induction redistributes charge without contact.
Solving Circuit Problems: Using Ohm's Law (V = IR) and series/parallel circuit rules determine unknowns. Series circuits have components in one loop, voltage is split. Parallel circuits have multiple loops, voltage is same across all components/branches.
Problem Examples (Physics): This section details various circuit problem examples, calculating cost, energy use, and efficiency.

Chemistry Exam Review

Matter and Its Forms: Matter has mass and occupies space, existing as solid, liquid, or gas. Pure substances contain only one type of particle (element or compound). Mixtures are combinations of substances not chemically joined. Homogeneous mixtures have uniform composition, while heterogeneous mixtures have variable composition.
Solutions, Solutes, Solvents: A solution is a homogeneous mixture. A solute is dissolved in a solvent. Sublimation is solid to gas without liquid. Evaporation is liquid to gas at a surface. Condensation is gas to liquid. Solidification is liquid to solid. Melting is solid to liquid.
Properties of Matter: Qualitative properties describe characteristics, like color or texture. Quantitative properties involve numbers, like mass and temperature. Viscosity is liquid resistance to flow. Solubility describes a substance's dissolving ability. Physical properties describe matter without change. Chemical properties describe matter's chemical reactivity.
Changes in Matter: Physical changes alter form, not chemical composition. Example: melting ice. Chemical changes produce new substances. Example: corrosion or burning wood.
Atomic Structure and Periodic Table: Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass is a weighted average of isotopes. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different neutron numbers.
Evidence of Chemical Changes: Clues that a chemical change has happened include: color change, precipitate formation, gas release, and changes in temperature/light emission. Irreversibility is also a sign of a chemical change.
Theories of Major Chemists: Thomson (plum pudding model), Rutherford (nuclear model), and Bohr (energy levels or shells) developed atomic models. Different chemists and experiments led to our current understanding of the atom.
Comparison of Subatomic Particles: Protons are positive, neutrons are neutral, and electrons are negative. They differ in location and mass within the atom.
Elements in the Periodic Table: The periodic table arranges elements based on atomic number and electron configuration, providing information about protons, electrons, and neutrons. The table is organized into periods (rows) and groups (columns), each with unique properties.
Chemical Bonding & Nomenclature: Ionic bonds involve electron transfer between metals and nonmetals. Molecular bonds depend on electron sharing between nonmetals. Practice naming ionic (like NaCl) and molecular (like CO₂) compounds from formulas, and writing formulas from names (e.g., carbon dioxide). Bohr-Rutherford diagrams illustrate the structure of compounds.
Important groups: Alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gases (characteristics). Reactivity patterns for elements (highest reactive metals/non-metals)

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Prepare for your biology exam with this comprehensive review focused on ecosystems and the interactions within them. Explore key concepts such as biotic and abiotic factors, niches, trophic levels, and various ecological relationships. Test your understanding of food webs and the energy transfer within ecosystems.