Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which term describes the role an organism plays within its ecosystem?
Which term describes the role an organism plays within its ecosystem?
- Biomass
- Niche (correct)
- Carrying capacity
- Trophic Level
What is the approximate percentage of energy transferred between trophic levels in an ecosystem?
What is the approximate percentage of energy transferred between trophic levels in an ecosystem?
- 50%
- 10% (correct)
- 90%
- 25%
Which of the following is an example of a biotic factor in an ecosystem?
Which of the following is an example of a biotic factor in an ecosystem?
- Water
- Fungi (correct)
- Temperature
- Sunlight
Which interaction describes one organism benefiting by killing and consuming another?
Which interaction describes one organism benefiting by killing and consuming another?
What process is primarily responsible for introducing energy into a food chain?
What process is primarily responsible for introducing energy into a food chain?
Which of these best defines the term 'biosphere'?
Which of these best defines the term 'biosphere'?
What is the primary cause of acid precipitation?
What is the primary cause of acid precipitation?
What is the term for the maximum population size an ecosystem can sustain?
What is the term for the maximum population size an ecosystem can sustain?
Which of the following elements is the most reactive alkali metal?
Which of the following elements is the most reactive alkali metal?
Which compound is formed by the sharing of electrons?
Which compound is formed by the sharing of electrons?
What is the correct formula for Boron Oxide?
What is the correct formula for Boron Oxide?
In a Bohr-Rutherford diagram of Calcium Oxide (CaO), how many electrons are in the outer shell of the oxygen ion?
In a Bohr-Rutherford diagram of Calcium Oxide (CaO), how many electrons are in the outer shell of the oxygen ion?
Which of these is the most reactive nonmetal?
Which of these is the most reactive nonmetal?
Which of the following best describes a keystone species?
Which of the following best describes a keystone species?
What is the primary difference between biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem?
What is the primary difference between biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem?
Which of the following relationships is an example of mutualism?
Which of the following relationships is an example of mutualism?
What is bioaccumulation in the context of a food chain?
What is bioaccumulation in the context of a food chain?
Which human activity is a major contributor to increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere?
Which human activity is a major contributor to increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere?
What is an ecological footprint?
What is an ecological footprint?
Which of these is NOT considered to be a 'greenhouse gas'?
Which of these is NOT considered to be a 'greenhouse gas'?
Which of the following is the primary cause of acid precipitation?
Which of the following is the primary cause of acid precipitation?
What is static electricity primarily caused by?
What is static electricity primarily caused by?
What is the function of a conductor in an electric circuit?
What is the function of a conductor in an electric circuit?
Which of these materials would be classified as an insulator?
Which of these materials would be classified as an insulator?
What is the purpose of a ground in an electrical system?
What is the purpose of a ground in an electrical system?
In a voltaic cell, which component allows ions to move and conduct electricity?
In a voltaic cell, which component allows ions to move and conduct electricity?
What is one key difference between a primary cell (like an alkaline battery) and a secondary cell (like a lithium-ion battery)?
What is one key difference between a primary cell (like an alkaline battery) and a secondary cell (like a lithium-ion battery)?
If a neutral object is brought near a negatively charged objec, which event is most likely to occur?
If a neutral object is brought near a negatively charged objec, which event is most likely to occur?
What is the primary process by which a fuel cell generates electricity?
What is the primary process by which a fuel cell generates electricity?
In an electrical circuit, which of the following describes a situation where no current will flow?
In an electrical circuit, which of the following describes a situation where no current will flow?
When charging an object by friction, what is the fundamental process that causes the charge transfer?
When charging an object by friction, what is the fundamental process that causes the charge transfer?
If a negatively charged rod is brought near a neutral metal sphere and the sphere is then grounded, what charge will remain on the sphere?
If a negatively charged rod is brought near a neutral metal sphere and the sphere is then grounded, what charge will remain on the sphere?
In a series circuit, how does the electric current distribute among the components?
In a series circuit, how does the electric current distribute among the components?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit, according to Ohm's Law?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit, according to Ohm's Law?
A dryer with a power rating of 5000 W runs for 20 minutes. What is the energy consumption of the dryer in kWh? Round to 1 decimal place.
A dryer with a power rating of 5000 W runs for 20 minutes. What is the energy consumption of the dryer in kWh? Round to 1 decimal place.
A kettle produces 162 kJ of useful energy. If its total energy consumed is 200 kJ, what is the efficiency of the kettle?
A kettle produces 162 kJ of useful energy. If its total energy consumed is 200 kJ, what is the efficiency of the kettle?
If a computer consumes 900 W of power for 20 minutes and has an efficiency of 88%, what is the useful energy produced? (round to 1 decimal place)
If a computer consumes 900 W of power for 20 minutes and has an efficiency of 88%, what is the useful energy produced? (round to 1 decimal place)
Which of these is a pure substance?
Which of these is a pure substance?
Which of the following is an example of a heterogeneous mixture?
Which of the following is an example of a heterogeneous mixture?
In a solution of saltwater, what is the solute?
In a solution of saltwater, what is the solute?
What is the phase change called when a solid turns directly into a gas?
What is the phase change called when a solid turns directly into a gas?
What would be the resulting charges after rubbing wool and rubber together?
What would be the resulting charges after rubbing wool and rubber together?
How does a negatively charged rod charge a neutral object by contact?
How does a negatively charged rod charge a neutral object by contact?
Which of the following best describes the process of solidification?
Which of the following best describes the process of solidification?
Which of these is an example of a quantitative observation?
Which of these is an example of a quantitative observation?
Which of the following properties is considered a chemical property?
Which of the following properties is considered a chemical property?
What is the defining characteristic of a physical change?
What is the defining characteristic of a physical change?
What is the relationship between atomic number and an element's identity?
What is the relationship between atomic number and an element's identity?
What are isotopes?
What are isotopes?
According to Dalton's Atomic Theory, what happens during a chemical reaction?
According to Dalton's Atomic Theory, what happens during a chemical reaction?
What is the key idea of Thomson's Plum Pudding Model of the atom?
What is the key idea of Thomson's Plum Pudding Model of the atom?
What was Rutherford's main conclusion from the gold foil experiment?
What was Rutherford's main conclusion from the gold foil experiment?
In the Bohr model of the atom, how do the electrons orbit the nucleus?
In the Bohr model of the atom, how do the electrons orbit the nucleus?
What is the charge, location, and relative mass of an electron?
What is the charge, location, and relative mass of an electron?
How many valence electrons does a neutral atom of phosphorus (P) have, given its electron configuration of 2, 8, and 5?
How many valence electrons does a neutral atom of phosphorus (P) have, given its electron configuration of 2, 8, and 5?
Which of the following is a characteristic of metals?
Which of the following is a characteristic of metals?
Which family of elements is known for being highly reactive with water, and soft good conductors?
Which family of elements is known for being highly reactive with water, and soft good conductors?
Which of these is NOT evidence of a chemical change?
Which of these is NOT evidence of a chemical change?
Flashcards
What is a niche?
What is a niche?
The role or function of an organism within an ecosystem, including its interactions with other organisms and its use of resources.
Define ecosystem.
Define ecosystem.
A community of living organisms and their physical environment, interacting as a unit.
What is biomass?
What is biomass?
The total mass of living organisms in a given area, often used to measure the health of an ecosystem.
Describe fermentation.
Describe fermentation.
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What is symbiosis?
What is symbiosis?
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What is carrying capacity?
What is carrying capacity?
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What is a food chain?
What is a food chain?
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Explain global warming.
Explain global warming.
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What are Groups in the Periodic table?
What are Groups in the Periodic table?
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What is Ionic Bonding?
What is Ionic Bonding?
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What is Covalent Bonding?
What is Covalent Bonding?
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What is Electronegativity?
What is Electronegativity?
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What are Covalent/Molecular Compounds?
What are Covalent/Molecular Compounds?
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Mutualism
Mutualism
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Parasitism
Parasitism
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Ecological Footprint
Ecological Footprint
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Biodiversity
Biodiversity
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Hot Spots
Hot Spots
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Community
Community
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Dominant Species
Dominant Species
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Keystone Species
Keystone Species
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Extinct Species
Extinct Species
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Endangered Species
Endangered Species
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Threatened Species
Threatened Species
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Extirpated Species
Extirpated Species
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Stewardship
Stewardship
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Carbon Sink
Carbon Sink
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Static Electricity
Static Electricity
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Fuel Cell
Fuel Cell
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Open Circuit
Open Circuit
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Closed Circuit
Closed Circuit
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Current
Current
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Resistance
Resistance
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Load
Load
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Charging by Friction
Charging by Friction
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Charging by Conduction
Charging by Conduction
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Charging by Induction
Charging by Induction
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Law of Electric Charges
Law of Electric Charges
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Series Circuit
Series Circuit
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Parallel Circuit
Parallel Circuit
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Matter
Matter
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Pure Substance
Pure Substance
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Mixture
Mixture
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Solubility
Solubility
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Physical Property
Physical Property
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Chemical Property
Chemical Property
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Density
Density
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Conductivity
Conductivity
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Malleability
Malleability
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Lustre
Lustre
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Transmission of Light
Transmission of Light
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Combustibility
Combustibility
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Stability
Stability
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Physical Change
Physical Change
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Chemical Change
Chemical Change
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Atom
Atom
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Atomic Number
Atomic Number
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Atomic Mass
Atomic Mass
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Study Notes
Biology Exam Review
- Ecosystems: An ecosystem is a community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. A sustainable ecosystem maintains its structure and function over time without depleting resources.
- Biotic and Abiotic Factors: Biotic factors are living components (plants, animals, fungi). Abiotic factors are non-living components (water, sunlight, temperature, soil).
- Niche and Trophic Level: An organism's niche is its role within an ecosystem. A trophic level is an organism's position in the food chain. Trophic efficiency is generally 10%, meaning only 10% of energy is transferred from one level to the next.
- Symbiosis, Predation, Competition: Symbiosis describes close relationships between different species (mutualism, parasitism, commensalism). Predation is where one organism hunts and eats another. Competition is a struggle between organisms for resources (food, territory).
- Food Webs and Chains: Food chains are linear sequences of energy and nutrient transfer. Food webs are complex, interconnected food chains. Producers form the base of food chains, making their own food (photosynthesis). Consumers eat other organisms. Decomposers break down dead matter. Biomass is the total mass of living organisms.
- Human Impact and Environmental Concerns: Human activities affect the carbon cycle, leading to global warming. Greenhouse gases trap heat. These gases are produced by fossil fuel burning, deforestation, and agriculture. Acid precipitation damages ecosystems, kills aquatic life, and harms plants. Pollution, habitat destruction, and introduction of invasive species decrease biodiversity. Ecological footprint measures human impact.
- Populations and Limiting Factors: Populations are groups of the same species in an area. Exponential growth occurs without limiting factors. Carrying capacity is the maximum population size an ecosystem can support. Limiting factors limit population growth, such as food availability, space, and disease.
- Biodiversity: Biodiversity is the variety of life in an ecosystem. Hot spots are areas with high biodiversity at risk from human activities. Stewardship is responsible management of natural resources.
Physics Exam Review
- Static vs. Current Electricity: Static electricity is the build-up of charge, often by friction. Current electricity is the flow of charge through a conductor. An electrostatic series ranks materials based on their electron transfer tendencies.
- Electric Properties: Conductors allow charge flow and insulators do not. Semiconductors conduct under specific conditions. A ground provides a path for charge to flow harmlessly into the earth. Electroscopes are charge detectors. An electric field surrounds a charged object, and it affects other charges. Induced charge separation happens when a charged object affects a neutral one.
- Electrical Circuits: Electric circuits are closed loops for current flow. Voltaic cells (batteries) convert chemical energy to electrical energy. Batteries utilize electrodes and electrolytes. Types of batteries include dry and wet cells (primary and secondary).
- Circuit Components: Electrodes are current input/output points in cells/batteries. Electrolytes enable ion movement in cells/batteries, commonly found in liquid or paste form. A load uses electrical energy (e.g., light bulb). Current is charge flow (amperes). Resistance opposes current flow (ohms). Open circuits have incomplete paths, hindering current flow. Closed circuits allow current to flow.
- Charging Methods: Charging by friction, conduction, and induction involve electron transfer. Charging by friction happens when objects rub together. Charging by conduction involves transferring charge through direct contact. Charging by induction redistributes charge without contact.
- Solving Circuit Problems: Using Ohm's Law (V = IR) and series/parallel circuit rules determine unknowns. Series circuits have components in one loop, voltage is split. Parallel circuits have multiple loops, voltage is same across all components/branches.
- Problem Examples (Physics): This section details various circuit problem examples, calculating cost, energy use, and efficiency.
Chemistry Exam Review
- Matter and Its Forms: Matter has mass and occupies space, existing as solid, liquid, or gas. Pure substances contain only one type of particle (element or compound). Mixtures are combinations of substances not chemically joined. Homogeneous mixtures have uniform composition, while heterogeneous mixtures have variable composition.
- Solutions, Solutes, Solvents: A solution is a homogeneous mixture. A solute is dissolved in a solvent. Sublimation is solid to gas without liquid. Evaporation is liquid to gas at a surface. Condensation is gas to liquid. Solidification is liquid to solid. Melting is solid to liquid.
- Properties of Matter: Qualitative properties describe characteristics, like color or texture. Quantitative properties involve numbers, like mass and temperature. Viscosity is liquid resistance to flow. Solubility describes a substance's dissolving ability. Physical properties describe matter without change. Chemical properties describe matter's chemical reactivity.
- Changes in Matter: Physical changes alter form, not chemical composition. Example: melting ice. Chemical changes produce new substances. Example: corrosion or burning wood.
- Atomic Structure and Periodic Table: Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass is a weighted average of isotopes. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different neutron numbers.
- Evidence of Chemical Changes: Clues that a chemical change has happened include: color change, precipitate formation, gas release, and changes in temperature/light emission. Irreversibility is also a sign of a chemical change.
- Theories of Major Chemists: Thomson (plum pudding model), Rutherford (nuclear model), and Bohr (energy levels or shells) developed atomic models. Different chemists and experiments led to our current understanding of the atom.
- Comparison of Subatomic Particles: Protons are positive, neutrons are neutral, and electrons are negative. They differ in location and mass within the atom.
- Elements in the Periodic Table: The periodic table arranges elements based on atomic number and electron configuration, providing information about protons, electrons, and neutrons. The table is organized into periods (rows) and groups (columns), each with unique properties.
- Chemical Bonding & Nomenclature: Ionic bonds involve electron transfer between metals and nonmetals. Molecular bonds depend on electron sharing between nonmetals. Practice naming ionic (like NaCl) and molecular (like COâ‚‚) compounds from formulas, and writing formulas from names (e.g., carbon dioxide). Bohr-Rutherford diagrams illustrate the structure of compounds.
- Important groups: Alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gases (characteristics). Reactivity patterns for elements (highest reactive metals/non-metals)
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Description
Prepare for your biology exam with this comprehensive review focused on ecosystems and the interactions within them. Explore key concepts such as biotic and abiotic factors, niches, trophic levels, and various ecological relationships. Test your understanding of food webs and the energy transfer within ecosystems.
