Biology Ecology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of consumer feeds exclusively on plants?

  • Herbivores (correct)
  • Detritivores
  • Carnivores
  • Omnivores

What are tertiary carnivores known for?

  • Feeding on other carnivores (correct)
  • Feeding on herbivores
  • Being exclusively parasitic
  • Eating plants

Detritivores primarily consume what type of material?

  • Only animal flesh
  • Dead organisms (correct)
  • Living plants
  • Fruits

What best represents the flow of energy in an ecosystem?

<p>Unidirectional flow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about food chains and food webs?

<p>Food webs depict the interconnection of food chains. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organisms are considered saprophytes?

<p>Fungi and bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of parasite lives inside the body of its host?

<p>Endoparasites (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do consumers generally obtain their food?

<p>By feeding on other organisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary goal of the Millennium Development Goals related to education?

<p>Achieve universal primary education (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a focus of the Sustainable Development Goals regarding health?

<p>Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of sustainable development, what is emphasized regarding resource use?

<p>Sustainable consumption patterns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Sustainable Development Goal addresses inequality?

<p>Reduce inequality within and among countries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the aims of the Sustainable Development Goals in terms of climate change?

<p>Promote urgent action to combat climate change (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of education is recommended for illiterate people in sustainable development?

<p>Both formal and informal education (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which greenhouse gases are mentioned as participating in the greenhouse effect?

<p>CO, CO2, and CH4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Sustainable Development Goal is concerned with sustainable urban development?

<p>Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a goal related to marine resources within the Sustainable Development Goals?

<p>Ensure sustainable use of oceans, seas and marine resources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are common environmental effects of mining mentioned in the content?

<p>Deforestation and groundwater contamination (B), Acid precipitation and soil erosion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mining involves creating a hole in the land?

<p>Land dredging (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral is noted for its use in electronic devices like cell phones and laptops?

<p>Tantalum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major environmental impact of river dredging specifically?

<p>Water quality degradation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What chemical is primarily responsible for converting water into sulfuric acid due to mining activities?

<p>Sulfur (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does long-term exposure to noise levels above 75 dB have on humans?

<p>Causes hearing impairment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main structural inequalities in the global economic system linked to?

<p>Global Sharing concept (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does dry weight represent in an ecosystem?

<p>The amount of energy available in biomass (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a partially upright pyramid of number, which trophic level has the largest biomass?

<p>Producers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor driving anthropogenic climate change?

<p>Carbon dioxide production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What health issues can poor housing cause?

<p>Direct measurable impacts on physical and mental health (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are trophic levels connected in ecosystems?

<p>Through food chains and webs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which trophic level is represented at 1 kg in the pyramid of energy?

<p>Top carnivore (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pollutants is associated with 'sick building syndrome'?

<p>Volatile organic compounds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major issues with the disposal of polyvinyl chloride?

<p>It generates greenhouse gases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an inverted pyramid of numbers, what typically occurs?

<p>Carnivores significantly outnumber herbivores (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which material is known to cause significant environmental impacts during its manufacturing process?

<p>Metals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What signifies the biomass in an upright pyramid of biomass?

<p>A decrease in biomass as one moves up (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the possible reason for the formation of food webs in ecosystems?

<p>To represent complex interconnections between food chains (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a harmful characteristic of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in buildings?

<p>They release harmful gases into the atmosphere (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of weight per area, which group has the least weight in a typical ecosystem pyramid?

<p>Top carnivores (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What negative aspect is associated with high-tech modern buildings?

<p>Potential indoor air pollution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is asbestos now considered harmful?

<p>It is harmful for health (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the expected impacts of increasing temperatures by 2–4°C by the end of the century?

<p>Decreased agricultural productivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region is mentioned as experiencing an increase in rainfall?

<p>Florida, USA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What severe weather condition may become more common due to rising temperatures?

<p>Heat waves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the recorded high temperature that resulted in deaths in India?

<p>48.6°C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of an erratic monsoon in India?

<p>Food insecurity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the anticipated effects of the rising population on energy consumption?

<p>Increased energy demands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might climate change impact energy production?

<p>It may reduce energy efficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might happen to daily needs of citizens due to climate impacts?

<p>They may become more challenging to meet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants use sunlight to make food from carbon dioxide and water.

Consumers

Organisms that get their food by eating other organisms.

Herbivore

An animal that eats only plants.

Carnivore

An animal that eats other animals.

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Omnivore

An animal that eats both plants and animals.

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Detritivore

An organism that feeds on dead or decaying organic matter.

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Food Chain

A sequence of organisms where each feeds on the previous one.

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Food Web

A network of interconnected food chains.

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Sustainable Development

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

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Excessive Resource Use

Using natural resources faster than they can be replenished, leading to depletion and environmental damage.

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Minimizing Resource Use

Reducing our consumption of natural resources to ensure their long-term availability.

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Mutual Understanding

Collaboration and cooperation among different groups to achieve common goals for sustainable development.

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Education for Sustainability

Providing knowledge and skills to everyone, regardless of literacy level, to understand and promote sustainable practices.

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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Eight goals adopted in 2000 to address global issues like poverty, hunger, and disease by 2015.

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Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Seventeen goals adopted in 2015 to build on the MDGs and address broader challenges for a sustainable future by 2030.

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Shift from MDGs to SDGs

A transition from focusing on specific targets to addressing interconnected challenges for a more sustainable and equitable future.

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Biomass

The total dry weight of living organisms in a given area.

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Trophic Level

A feeding level in an ecosystem, such as producers, herbivores, or carnivores.

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Pyramid of Energy

A diagram showing the amount of energy at each trophic level in an ecosystem.

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Pyramid of Biomass

A diagram showing the amount of biomass at each trophic level in an ecosystem.

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Inverted Pyramid of Biomass

A pyramid of biomass where the biomass of producers is less than the biomass of consumers.

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Why is a pyramid of energy always upright?

Energy is lost as heat at each trophic level, resulting in a decrease in energy available at higher levels.

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How does an inverted pyramid of biomass occur?

It occurs in aquatic ecosystems where producers (like phytoplankton) have a high turnover rate, meaning they reproduce quickly but die quickly, resulting in a lower biomass than consumers.

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Anthropogenic Climate Change

Climate change primarily caused by human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes. These activities release greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, trapping heat in the atmosphere and causing global warming.

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Greenhouse Gas

A gas that absorbs and traps heat in the atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect and global warming. Examples include carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.

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Sick Building Syndrome

A condition characterized by various symptoms like headaches, fatigue, and respiratory problems, believed to be caused by poor indoor air quality in buildings. This can be due to factors like inadequate ventilation, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from building materials, and pollutants from cleaning products.

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Impact of Housing on Health

The quality of housing significantly affects human health. Poor housing conditions can contribute to physical and mental health problems, while modern buildings, although energy-efficient, can also pose health risks due to indoor air pollution.

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Why is asbestos harmful?

Asbestos, once commonly used in buildings for insulation, is now recognized as a health hazard. Exposure to asbestos fibers can cause serious respiratory diseases, including lung cancer, mesothelioma, and asbestosis.

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CFCs and Global Warming

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are harmful chemicals that contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer and global warming. They were commonly used in refrigerators and aerosols but have been largely phased out due to their environmental impact.

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Interdisciplinary Approach to Environmental Problems

Addressing environmental problems requires a multidisciplinary approach, combining knowledge from various fields like environmental science, economics, and social sciences. This allows for a comprehensive understanding of the issues and the development of effective solutions.

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What is the impact of industrialization?

Industrialization, while driving economic growth, has significant impacts on the environment and human health. It leads to pollution, resource depletion, and climate change, posing challenges that require careful management and sustainable practices.

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Climate Change Impact on Agriculture

Rising temperatures and erratic rainfall patterns due to climate change can lead to decreased agricultural productivity, putting food security at risk.

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Heat Waves and Human Health

Increased frequency and intensity of heat waves due to global warming can cause heatstroke, dehydration, and even death, especially in vulnerable populations.

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Climate Change and Energy Demand

Climate change impacts energy demand in two ways: 1) More energy is needed for cooling and irrigation due to rising temperatures. 2) Reduced energy supply due to extreme weather events affecting infrastructure.

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Global Temperature Rise

The Earth's average temperature is predicted to increase by 2–4°C by the end of the 21st century due to human activities.

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Impact of Climate Change on India

India is particularly vulnerable to climate change due to its large population and reliance on agriculture. The effects include decreased crop yields, increased heat waves, and energy security challenges.

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Food Insecurity due to Climate Change

Erratic monsoon rains and changing weather patterns can significantly reduce crop yields in India, leading to food shortages and affecting millions of people.

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Extreme Heat Events

Climate change has increased the frequency and intensity of heat waves, leading to extreme temperatures that can cause death and strain healthcare systems.

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Climate Change Impacts Energy Security

Climate change impacts energy security by increasing demand for cooling and irrigation while also reducing energy supply due to severe weather events.

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Greenhouse Effect

The process where certain gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the sun, warming the Earth's surface. This is essential for life but can become problematic with too much trapped heat.

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Acid Rain

Rainwater that becomes acidic due to pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides released into the atmosphere. It can damage buildings, harm plants and wildlife, and pollute water.

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Mining's Impact on Deforestation

Mining activities often involve clearing large areas of forests to access minerals, leading to habitat loss and biodiversity decline.

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Mining's Impact on Groundwater

Mining releases chemicals into the ground, which can contaminate groundwater and make it unsafe for drinking or irrigation.

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What is River Dredging?

A mining technique where miners use a suction hose to remove gravel and mud from riverbeds, potentially harming aquatic life and altering river ecosystems.

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Marine Transport's Impact

Shipping activities, especially dredging, waste disposal, and oil spills, can pollute oceans and harm marine life.

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Transportation's Impact on Soil

Vehicles and transportation infrastructure can contribute to soil erosion and contamination due to the use of toxic materials and disturbance of land.

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Environmental Issues and 'Global Sharing'

Addressing environmental challenges requires a global perspective, recognizing that resource depletion and pollution affect everyone, even those not directly responsible.

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Study Notes

People, Development, and Environment

  • The concept of people encompasses population and its factors: birth rate (natality), death rate (mortality), migration, population dispersal, and age distribu- tion.
  • Development and environment are interconnected through the Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals.
  • Human-environment interactions involve anthropo- genic activities and their impact on the environ- ment.
  • Environmental issues exist at local, regional, and global scales, including air, water, soil, noise pollution, waste (solid, liquid, biomedical, haz- ardous, electronic), and climate change.
  • Impacts of pollutants on human health are impor- tant considerations.
  • Natural and energy resources are vital, such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass, nuclear, and forests.
  • Natural hazards and disasters require mitigation strategies.
  • Environmental protection acts, national action plans, and international agreements/efforts (Montreal Protocol, Rio Summit, Convention on Biodiversity, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, International Solar Alliance) are crucial to the protection of the environment.

Ecology

  • Ecology is the scientific study of relationships between living organisms and their environment at the individual, population, and community levels.
  • Ecological footprint measures human consum- ption of resources relative to Earth's capacity.
  • Species are sets of organisms similar in certain features. A population consists of species members interacting in a given area.
  • Community involves interacting populations of dif- ferent species in a geographic area.
  • Ecosystems encompass communities and their physical environment, exhibiting energy and mate- rial exchange with their surroundings.
  • Ecotones are transitional areas between different plant communities.
  • Biotic components are producers, consumers, and decomposers.
  • Abiotic components include chemical and physical factors like water, light, soil, humidity, and minerals.

Biomes, Habitats, and Spheres

  • Biomes are Earth's major ecosystems, characterized by climate and dominant life forms. Different types include deserts, grasslands, forests, and tundras.
  • Habitats are specific areas where organisms live, including physical and biotic factors.
  • Four interconnected Earth spheres are:
  • The lithosphere (solid rock)
  • The hydrosphere (water)
  • The atmosphere (air)
  • The biosphere (living things)

Ecosystem Functions

  • Ecosystems perform crucial functions like main- taining different food chains and food webs, the cyclic flow of nutrients, and regulating processes of primary and secondary production.
  • Ecological pyramids show relationships between producers, primary consumers, secondary con- sumers, as well as the amounts of energy at each trophic level, or the numbers of organisms.
  • Ecological pyramids can be upright or inverted, depending on the specific ecosystem.

Development and Environment

  • Development strategies require consideration of environmental impacts through sustainable development.
  • Various indicators like the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) gauge human well- being, accounting for income, health, and know- ledge.

Environmental Issues: Air, Water, Soil, and Noise

  • Major air pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, suspended parti- culate matter (SPM), and volatile organic com- pounds (VOCs).
  • Water pollution stems from industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and sewage.
  • Soil pollution results from industrial waste, agricul- tural runoff, and improper waste disposal.
  • Noise pollution emanates from traffic, industry, and construction.

Environmental Protection Act (EPA)

  • The EPA is crucial for managing and controlling pollution and hazardous substances.
  • Key concepts like polluter-pays principle (PPP) and beneficiary-pays principle (BPP) are central to this concept.

Important Days

  • Various important days related to the environ- ment, including World Environment Day, World Earth Day, etc. include awareness and related memorable events.

Biodiversity

  • Biodiversity encompasses genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity.
  • Conservation efforts utilize in situ methods (e.g., national parks) and ex situ methods (e.g., zoos, seed banks).
  • Conservation prioritizes endangered species and those in threatened categories as listed by the IUCN.

Natural and Energy Resources

  • Important natural resources include minerals (e.g., iron, gold), and fossils fuels (e.g., coal, oil, natural gas).
  • Renewable energy resources including solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal are gaining impor- tance.

Climate Change

  • Climate change involves shifts in global weather patterns.
  • Human activities, especially greenhouse gas emissions, are significant drivers of climate change.
  • Deforestation and unsustainable agriculture lead to loss of biodiversity and contribute to climate change.
  • Climate change impacts include sea level rise, increased frequency of extreme weather events (hurricanes, floods, droughts), and disruptions to ocean and terrestrial ecosystems.

Conservation of Natural Resources

  • Conservation encompasses efforts to protect resources, such as forests, wildlife and water from degradation, misuse and extinction.
  • Public awareness and community participation are important elements in successful conserva- tion programs.

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Description

Test your knowledge of ecological concepts with this quiz focused on consumer types, energy flow, and food chains in ecosystems. Understand the roles of various organisms such as carnivores, detritivores, and saprophytes. Challenge yourself with questions about their relationships and the impact on education goals.

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