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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the digestive enzyme amylase?
Which of the following organs is NOT involved in the process of assimilation?
What is the byproduct of anaerobic respiration in muscle cells?
What is the term for the wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract?
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What is the primary function of the liver in the digestive system?
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What is the term for the surface area where gas exchange occurs in the lungs?
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What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?
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What is the primary function of the pancreas in the digestive system?
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What is the main function of the cardiac cycle?
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Which of the following factors does NOT affect the rate of transpiration in plants?
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What is the primary function of plasma in the blood?
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Which type of blood vessel has valves?
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What is the equation for photosynthesis?
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What is the primary function of xylem in plant transport?
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Study Notes
Macromolecules
- Types: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids
- Functions: Energy storage, structural components, enzymes, information transfer
- Energy storage: Carbohydrates (short-term), lipids (long-term)
Human Digestive System
- Stages of digestion: Ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, egestion
- Digestive organs: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder
Ingestion
- Mechanical digestion: Chewing breaks down food into smaller pieces
- Chemical digestion: Saliva contains amylase that begins starch digestion
Digestion
- Digestive enzymes: Proteases (proteins), lipases (lipids), amylases (carbohydrates)
- Peristalsis: Wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract
Absorption
- Villi in small intestine: Increase surface area for nutrient absorption
- Liver: Processes absorbed nutrients, detoxifies harmful substances, produces bile
Respiration and Breathing
- Breathing: Physical process of inhaling and exhaling
- Respiration: Chemical process of producing energy from glucose
Organs Involved in Ventilation
- Lungs: Main organ of gas exchange
- Diaphragm: Muscle that contracts to allow air into the lungs
- Chest and rib muscles: Assist in expanding and contracting the chest cavity
Requirements for Gas Exchange
- Respiratory surface: Alveoli provide a large surface area for gas exchange
- Moisture: Keeps alveolar surface moist to facilitate gas diffusion
- Concentration gradient: Maintained by continuous blood flow and breathing
Anaerobic vs. Aerobic Respiration
- Aerobic respiration: Uses oxygen, produces more energy (ATP), byproducts are CO2 and H2O
- Aerobic respiration equation: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
- Anaerobic respiration: Does not use oxygen, produces less energy, byproducts include lactic acid (in muscles)
- Anaerobic respiration equation: Glucose → Lactic acid + Energy
Transport in Organisms - Cardiovascular System
- Features of arteries: Thick-walled, carry blood away from the heart
- Features of veins: Thin-walled, carry blood to the heart, have valves
- Features of capillaries: Microscopic, thin walls for exchange of substances with tissues
Heart Anatomy
- Path of blood flow: Right atrium → right ventricle → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → body
- Cardiac cycle: Sequence of events in one heartbeat
Blood Composition
- Components: Red blood cells (oxygen transport), white blood cells (immune defense), platelets (clotting), plasma (transport medium)
Transport in Organisms - Plants
- Transport: Xylem (water and minerals), Phloem (sugars)
- Leaf anatomy: Mesophyll (photosynthesis), stomata (gas exchange)
Transpiration
- Process: Loss of water vapor from the plant, mainly through stomata
- Factors: Light, temperature, humidity, wind
Photosynthesis
- Rate and limiting factors: Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature
- Equation: Carbon dioxide + Water + Light energy → Glucose + Oxygen
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of digestion, macromolecules, and their functions in the human body. Learn about the different types of macromolecules, stages of digestion, and the various organs involved in the process.
