Biology Classification System

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Questions and Answers

What concept emphasizes the interconnectedness within the biosphere?

Static ecology

Complex systems (correct)

Linear systems

Independent populations

Which factor is NOT a challenge when studying ecology?

Long time frames

Easy access to populations (correct)

Complex modeling

Statistical analysis

In population ecology, what does 'K' represent?

Carrying capacity (correct)

Survivorship rate

Density of population

Rate of growth

Which type of survivorship curve is characterized by low infant mortality?

Type I Curve (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to reproductive success as the population density of white-footed mice increases?

It is limited by physiology. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would indicate a logistic growth model?

A plateau when carrying capacity is reached (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of ecological study examines the relationship of populations over time?

Population dynamics (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which growth model represents a population that grows without bounds?

Exponential growth model (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum amount of energy that can be passed on to the next trophic level according to the Rule of 10?

10% (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of species has substantially higher abundance or biomass in its community?

Dominant species (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a keystone species?

Species that plays a pivotal role in its ecosystem (B) Signup and view all the answers

In an ecosystem, how many links can typically be found in a food chain?

5 (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which species is considered a 'foundation species' due to its influence on the physical environment?

Beavers (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of reproduction includes plasmogamy, a heterokaryotic stage, and karyogamy?

Zygotic Life Cycle (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is one major role of mycorrhizae?

Increasing the absorptive surface area of roots (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum includes animals with radial symmetry?

Porifera (D) Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is unique to bilaterally symmetric animals?

Presence of a head with sensory organs (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fungi is classified as a sac fungus?

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which animal characteristic distinguishes them from fungi?

Gametic Life Cycle (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the posterior end of a bilaterally symmetric organism?

The tail end opposite the head (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fungi contributes to antibiotic production?

Penicillium (A) Signup and view all the answers

What describes the body symmetry of seastars and sea urchins?

Radial symmetry (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of karyogamy in the fungal life cycle?

To fuse nuclei (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plant completes its life cycle in one growing season?

Annuals (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the vascular cambium in woody plants?

Producing xylem and phloem (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plants is known for having very long lifespans, sometimes thousands of years?

Giant Sequoias (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the unspecialized cells that divide for plant growth called?

Meristem (C) Signup and view all the answers

What primarily characterizes secondary growth in plants?

Thickening of stems (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes fungi?

Heterotrophic decomposers (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of the fungal cell wall?

Chitin (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a main group of fungi?

Cyanobacterial (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a seed primarily composed of?

Mature ovule containing an embryo (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which reproductive features are included in the structure of a flower?

Sepals, petals, stamen, and carpel (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main feature of angiosperms that aids in pollination?

Flowers that attract pollinators (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plants exhibit secondary growth that leads to the thickening of stems?

Gymnosperms (B), Angiosperms (D) Signup and view all the answers

What role do pollinators play in the life cycle of angiosperms?

They carry pollen between individual flowers (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups are known as seedless vascular plants?

Ferns and relatives (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which group of plants is characterized by having seeds but not flowers?

Gymnosperms (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining feature of angiosperms?

Flowers containing reproductive organs (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a fruit in the context of angiosperms?

Mature ovary that aids in seed dispersal (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of gametophyte do bryophytes depend on for reproduction?

Gametophyte (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of symmetry do sponges exhibit?

Radial symmetry (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which animal phylum includes organisms with a gastrovascular cavity?

Cnidaria (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feeding strategy of sponges?

Filter feeding (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of flatworms?

Blind gut (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which class of fish lacks jaws?

Agnatha (B) Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation do amphibians have for reproduction?

Dependence on water (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is characteristic of reptiles?

Development of a hard shell around eggs (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which group of the Protista kingdom consists of primarily heterotrophic organisms?

Protozoans (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is unique to Class Chondrichthyes?

Poor eyesight (B) Signup and view all the answers

What common feature do all organisms in Kingdom Protista share?

They are all eukaryotic (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classification Scheme

People use the binomial system (two-part naming system) to classify organisms.
Carolus Linnaeus/Carl von Linné developed this system in the mid-1700s.
Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying living things.
Organisms are initially grouped according to observable characteristics (phenotype).
The classification is now based largely on genotype (DNA sequence).
Classification examples include Kingdom Animalia and Domain Eukarya.

Example: Human Classification

Humans are composed of eukaryotic cells.
Humans belong to the Kingdom Animalia.
Humans belong to the Phylum Chordata.
Humans belong to the subphylum Vertebrata, and subphylum Mammalia.
Humans belong to the class Mammalia, subclass Eutheria, and order Primates.
Humans belong to the family Hominidae.
Humans belong to the genus Homo.
Humans belong to the species Sapiens.

Kingdoms and Domains

Originally, living things were classified into two large groups: plants and animals.
Now, there are five kingdoms: plants, animals, fungi, protists, and monera (prokaryotes).
Living things are now further classified into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes have existed for 4-3.5 billion years, which is about 80% of Earth's history.
Prokaryotes are present in various environments, from high temperatures to ice to high radiation.
Prokaryotes are the most abundant life form on Earth.
Prokaryotes play a vital role as decomposers, recycling vital elements.
Prokaryotes are identified by their shapes (e.g. spherical - cocci, rod-shaped - bacilli, spiral-shaped - spirillum) and different metabolic properties (aerobic, anaerobic, facultative anaerobic).

Environments

Chemoautotrophs/Lithotrophs use inorganic chemicals for energy instead of sunlight.
Endospores allow some bacteria to survive harsh environmental conditions.
Endospores are like a dormant 'seed' form of the bacteria.

Plant Classification

Plants are organized into terrestrial, non-vascular, seedless, vascular plants, non-flowering seed, and flowering seed groups.

Kingdom Plantae

Plants are organized into four different groups: seedless nonvascular, seedless vascular, nonflower seed, and flowering seed plants.
The sporophyte is the dominant generation in ferns and related species; the gametophyte is the dominant generation in bryophytes.

Gymnosperms

Gymnosperms (naked seed) are vascular, non-flowering seed plants.
Examples include conifers (pines, firs, spruces, etc.) and cycads, and other important plant families.
Reproduction in gymnosperms is independent of water.
Gymnosperms have a variety of uses (lumber, etc.)

Angiosperms

Angiosperms (flowering seed plants) are the dominant plant group.
Angiosperms display co-evolution with pollinators (vector carries pollen).
Flowers attract pollinators through visual and olfactory cues.
Angiosperms have reproductive structures (sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels).
Angiosperms developed fruits for seed dispersal.

Plant Structure

Plants have shoot systems and root systems.
Leaves can take diverse forms (e.g., spines, tendrils, etc.).
The plant body is made up of three tissue systems: epidermal, vascular, and ground tissue.
The epidermis forms a protective layer.
Water transport occurs through xylem.
Food transport occurs through phloem.

Plant Growth

Plant growth is indeterminate.
Plants grow throughout their life cycle.
Some plants (annuals) complete their life cycles in a single year or season; others (perennials) live and reproduce for multiple years.

Fungi

Fungi are mostly multicellular (yeasts are a unicellular exception).
Fungi are heterotrophs.
Fungi secrete digestive enzymes that aid in nutrient uptake.
The fungal body is composed of filaments called hyphae.
Fungi have several groups: Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota.
Fungi play important ecological roles as decomposers.

Animal Intro

Animals are eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms without cell walls.
Most animals are bilaterally symmetrical (have a left and right side).
Cephalization (development of a head with sensory organs) is prominent in bilaterally symmetrical animals.
Several different phyla are considered, including: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata.

Chordata

Chordates have a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and a post-anal tail.
Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are included in Chordata.
Key characteristics vary within classes (e.g., possession of jaws, presence of swim bladders, adaptations for terrestrial living).

Kingdom Protista

Protists are a diverse group of eukaryotes.
Protists can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
Important groups include protozoans (e.g., flagellates, amoebas, apicomplexans, ciliates), slime molds, and algae.

Algae

Algae are unicellular (one cell) or multicellular.
Algae exhibit photosynthetic traits and are autotrophic.
Include many different phyla such as Chlorophyta (green algae), Pyrrhophyta (dinoflagellates), and Chrysophyta (diatoms).

Ecology

Ecology studies the interactions between organisms and their environment.
Ecology is multi-level: molecular, cellular, organismal.
Organisms interact with one another through factors such as competition, predation, and symbiotic relationships.

Community Ecology

Communities are defined by the presence of multiple species within a limited area.
Trophic levels describe the feeding relationships within a community.
Producers make their own food, whereas consumers rely on producers or other consumers.
Trophic levels may consist of producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, etc.
Humans play a crucial role as consumers; their activities influence the ecosystem.

Tab 4 and Tab 5

Energy limits and trophic levels: a tremendous amount of energy enters the world from the sun but less is passed on at each trophic level.
Specific consumers (dominant, keystone, and foundation species) influence ecosystem structure and function.
Species with higher abundance or biomass are called dominant species.
Keystone species play a vital role in ecosystem function.
Foundation species influence physical and biological environment.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the classification of organisms using the binomial system developed by Carolus Linnaeus. This quiz covers the principles of taxonomy, the different kingdoms and domains, and the example of human classification. Discover how genetic traits influence the modern classification of species.