Biology Class: Cell Structure and Functions
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of carrier proteins in the cell membrane?

  • To form channels for passive diffusion of ions only
  • To provide structural support to the membrane
  • To act only in endocytosis processes
  • To bind to a molecule, change shape and transport it across the membrane (correct)

Which process describes the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient?

  • Osmosis
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • Active transport (correct)
  • Passive transport

In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

  • Mitosis
  • G2 phase
  • G1 phase
  • S phase (correct)

During which process do two genetically identical daughter cells result from a single cell?

<p>Mitosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during prophase in the mitotic phase?

<p>Chromatin condenses into thick coiled structures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cardiac muscle?

<p>To pump blood to distant tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the heart prevents blood from flowing backwards?

<p>Valves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of alveoli in the respiratory system?

<p>To facilitate gas exchange (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During inspiration, what happens to the diaphragm?

<p>It contracts and moves downward (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is responsible for communication and sensory sensation within the body?

<p>Nervous tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the connective tissue in the human body?

<p>It provides structure and support (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the epithelial cells lining the trachea and bronchi?

<p>To trap bacteria and dirt (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the skin is primarily made of muscle, nervous, and connective tissues?

<p>Dermis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the centromere during metaphase?

<p>It connects sister chromatids to one another. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs directly after anaphase?

<p>Telophase. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes adult stem cells from embryonic stem cells?

<p>Adult stem cells have limited differentiation ability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of potency does a totipotent stem cell have?

<p>Ability to become any cell type, including placenta. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of epithelial tissue?

<p>Providing a protective barrier. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cytokinesis differ in animal cells compared to plant cells?

<p>In plant cells, a cell plate forms to separate the two new cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of maristematic cells in plants?

<p>They continuously produce new cells at growing tips. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of tissues in the context of organ formation?

<p>Tissues are organized groups of similar cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the cell membrane?

<p>To control the movement of materials in and out of the cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is primarily responsible for energy production through cellular respiration?

<p>Mitochondria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes rough ER from smooth ER?

<p>Rough ER has ribosomes attached, while smooth ER does not (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lysosomes?

<p>To break down large molecules and other cell parts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of vacuoles in plant cells?

<p>To store water and maintain turgor pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly defines osmosis?

<p>Diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of environment has a higher concentration of solute than the inside of a cell?

<p>Hypertonic environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of transport, what is a key characteristic of active transport?

<p>It requires energy to move substances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

<p>Stores and processes proteins for secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure within the nucleus is primarily responsible for the production of ribosomes?

<p>Nucleolus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pore Protein

A protein that forms a tunnel through the cell membrane, allowing specific molecules or ions to pass through.

Carrier Protein

A protein that binds to a molecule, changes shape, and transports it across the membrane.

Active Transport

Movement of molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

Endocytosis

A process where the cell takes in large molecules or particles by engulfing them.

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Mitosis

The division of a cell into two genetically identical daughter cells.

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Sister Chromatids

Two identical copies of a chromosome joined together at the centromere.

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Metaphase

The stage of mitosis where chromosomes line up at the center of the cell, ready to be separated.

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Anaphase

The stage of mitosis where sister chromatids are pulled apart by spindle fibers towards opposite poles of the cell.

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Totipotent Stem Cell

A type of stem cell that can differentiate into any cell type, including those forming the placenta.

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Regeneration

The process of a body part regrowing.

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Stem Cell

An unspecialized cell that can become specialized into different cell types under proper environmental conditions.

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Pluripotent Stem Cell

A type of stem cell that can differentiate into almost any cell type, but not those forming the placenta.

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Multipotent Stem Cell

A type of stem cell that can differentiate into a limited number of cell types within a specific tissue.

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Cell Membrane

The outer layer of a cell that controls what enters and exits, acting as a gatekeeper.

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Cell Wall

A rigid structure surrounding the cell membrane, providing support and protection. Found in plant cells.

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Ribosomes

Small structures responsible for protein synthesis, essential for cell growth and reproduction.

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Cytoplasm

The gel-like substance within the cell where many chemical reactions occur, containing organelles.

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Cytoskeleton

A network of protein fibers that supports the cell's shape and anchors organelles.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A series of canals that carry materials throughout the cell, involved in lipid and protein production.

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Golgi Apparatus

A structure that processes, packages, and distributes proteins and other materials throughout the cell.

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Lysosomes

Small, sac-like structures containing enzymes that break down large molecules and cell parts.

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Mitochondria

Tiny, oval-shaped organelles that generate energy for the cell through cellular respiration.

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Nucleus

The control center of the cell, containing DNA and directing all cell activities.

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What is muscle tissue?

Muscle tissue is responsible for movement. It's made of long, thin fibers containing specialized proteins that can shrink and grow, allowing for contraction and relaxation.

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What is the function of the heart?

The heart is a vital organ that pumps blood throughout the body. It has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. Each side of the heart has an atrium that receives blood from veins and pumps it to the ventricle, which then pumps the blood to the body.

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What is nervous tissue?

Nervous tissue is responsible for communication in the body. It's made of specialized cells called neurons that can conduct electrical signals. This allows for the transmission of sensory information and the control of various functions.

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What is connective tissue?

Connective tissue provides structure, support, and insulation in the body. It's made of various cells that hold tissues together. Examples of connective tissue include blood, tendons, ligaments, and bone.

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What is the dermis?

The dermis is the inner layer of the skin, containing muscle, nervous, and connective tissues. It plays a crucial role in protecting the body from damage, regulating temperature, and releasing waste.

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What is the respiratory system?

The respiratory system is responsible for breathing. It includes the nose, mouth, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The trachea branches into bronchi that carry air to the lungs, where it is exchanged with carbon dioxide.

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How does inspiration work?

Inspiration, or inhaling, involves the contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles, causing the chest cavity to expand and create lower pressure in the lungs. This pressure difference draws air into the lungs.

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How does expiration work?

Expiration, or exhaling, involves the relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, causing the chest cavity to shrink and increase pressure in the lungs. This forces air out of the lungs.

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Study Notes

Cell Membrane

  • Covers the cell, acting as a gatekeeper for materials entering and exiting.
  • Double layered, semi-permeable.

Cell Wall

  • Rigid structure that surrounds, protects, and supports.
  • Primarily found in plant cells.
  • Composed of cellulose.

Ribosomes

  • Small protein structures involved in cell division.
  • Found in both plant and animal cells.

Chloroplast

  • Organelle containing chlorophyll, essential for photosynthesis.
  • Found in plant cells.

DNA

  • Threadlike structure containing genetic information (hereditary).

Cytoplasm

  • Region within the cell containing organelles.
  • Where nutrients are absorbed, transported, and processed.
  • Mostly water.

Cytoskeleton

  • Network of protein fibers supporting cell shape.
  • Enables movement of cell components.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

  • Series of canals/membranous structures.
  • Involved in transporting materials through the cell.
  • Two types:
    • Rough ER: Has ribosomes, makes proteins.
    • Smooth ER: No ribosomes, makes fats/lipids.

Golgi Apparatus

  • Stores and modifies proteins for use inside or outside the cell.
  • Collects and processes materials.
  • Involved in secretion, such as mucus production.

Lysosomes

  • Sac-like structures containing enzymes that break down large molecules.
  • Found in animal cells.

Mitochondria

  • Powerhouse of the cell generating energy via cellular respiration.
  • Oval-shaped organelles, found in animal cells.

Nucleus

  • Control center of the cell containing DNA.
  • Directs cell activities and protein synthesis.
  • Contains chromosomes.

Ribosome

  • Organelles responsible for building proteins.

Vacuoles

  • Small membrane-bound compartments for storing water, wastes, etc.
  • Larger in plant cells.

Passive Transport

  • Movement of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane without energy.
  • Includes: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis.

Active Transport

  • Movement of molecules against the concentration gradient, requiring energy.
  • Uses carrier proteins for transport.

Diffusion

  • Movement of molecules from high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached.

Facilitated Diffusion

  • Diffusion aided by protein channels or carrier protein.

Osmosis

  • The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from high to low concentration of water.

Endocytosis

  • Bulk transport of materials into the cell.

Exocytosis

  • Bulk transport of materials out of the cell.

Asexual Reproduction

  • Offspring genetically identical to the parent.

Sexual Reproduction

  • Combining genetic material from two parents to create offspring.

Cell Cycle

  • Series of phases cells undergo to grow, duplicate DNA, and divide.

Mitosis

  • Cell division resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells. Phases include Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis.

Cellular Specialization

  • Cells adapt to specific functions.

Stem Cells

  • Unspecialized cells with the potential to differentiate into various cell types.

Types of Stem Cells

  • Totipotent, Pluripotent, Multipotent.

Epithilial Tissues

  • Protective outer layers of organs and surfaces.
  • Contains thin layers of packed cells.

Muscle Tissues

  • Involved in movement. Types include skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.

Nervous Tissues

  • Conducts electrical impulses, essential for communication.

Connective Tissues

  • Supports, connects, and protects other tissues, types include fat, blood.

Cell Respiration

  • Metabolic process producing energy.

Digestive System

  • Ingestion, digestion, absorption of nutrients.
  • Food is broken down into simpler molecules by physical/chemical methods.

Excretion

  • Removal of waste materials.

Circulatory System

  • Network of blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) carrying blood and oxygen.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the various components of cells, such as the cell membrane, cell wall, ribosomes, and more. This quiz will cover the specific functions and structures of these essential cell parts, primarily focusing on plant and animal cells. Get ready to explore the building blocks of life!

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