Biology Class: Carbohydrates and Plant Anatomy
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Questions and Answers

What is the composition ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates?

  • 3:1
  • 2:1 (correct)
  • 4:1
  • 1:1

Which of the following is NOT classified as a carbohydrate?

  • Cellulose
  • Glucose
  • Lactose
  • Saponin (correct)

What type of carbohydrate are glucose and fructose classified as?

  • Simple sugars (correct)
  • Modified carbohydrates
  • Polysaccharides
  • Disaccharides

Which chemical test is used to determine the general presence of carbohydrates?

<p>Molisch test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are glycosides primarily composed of?

<p>A sugar residue and a non-sugar residue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which glycosides are known to have laxative properties?

<p>Anthraquinones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tests would be used for the detection of coumarins?

<p>Borntrager’s test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the classification of alkaloids, which of the following is an example of a phenolic nucleus?

<p>Morphine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hair is characteristic to the Compositae family?

<p>Shaggy glandular hair (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of guard cells found in monocot plants?

<p>Dumbbell shaped (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stalk is defined as having cells arranged in more than two rows?

<p>Pluriseriate stalk (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic feature is observed in the stomata of dicot plants?

<p>Can have two or more subsidiary cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hair is specifically found in species like Cannabis?

<p>Glandular hair (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hair is known to have cells arranged on two rows?

<p>Biseriate stalk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hair is characteristic to the Solanaceae family?

<p>Clavate hair (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of stomata shape found in dicots?

<p>Dumbbell shaped (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes volatile oils from fixed oils in terms of volatility?

<p>Volatile oils are volatile while fixed oils are non-volatile (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which test is specific for solanaceous alkaloids?

<p>Vital’s test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of compounds are tannins defined as?

<p>Polyphenolic compounds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a therapeutic use of spasmolytic oils?

<p>Treatment of pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates the presence of most alkaloids in Mayer's test?

<p>Creamy white precipitate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the saponification of oils?

<p>Fixed oils are not saponified with alkali (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which oil is known for having a bactericidal effect?

<p>Oil of Thyme (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of condensed tannins?

<p>They can precipitate proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes angiosperms from gymnosperms in terms of seed structure?

<p>Angiosperm seeds are covered by closed carpels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the number of species in angiosperms and gymnosperms?

<p>Only about 750 species represent angiosperms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of root system do monocotyledons typically have?

<p>Fibrous roots (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature characterizes the vascular bundles in dicotyledons?

<p>Closed and arranged in a ring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is associated with the Pinaceae family for medicinal use?

<p>Turpentine oil (A), Colophony resin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the ground tissue in monocotyledons and dicotyledons?

<p>Monocots have undifferentiated ground tissue, while dicots have differentiated layers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does seed dispersal differ between gymnosperms and angiosperms?

<p>Gymnosperms primarily rely on wind for seed dispersal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of plants in the same family?

<p>They often produce similar types of compounds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What medicinal use is associated with the plant Cynara?

<p>Treatment of liver and gallbladder complaints (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What active chemical constituent is found in the Opium poppy?

<p>Morphine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plants is known for its strong laxative properties?

<p>Senna (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary medicinal use of Datura?

<p>Antispasmodic and used for motion sickness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which alkaloid is associated with the plant Pilocarpus jaborandi?

<p>Pilocarpine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a known medicinal use of Liquorice?

<p>Expectorant and treatment for ulcers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant contains Echinacin as an active chemical constituent?

<p>Echinacea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of effect does Belladonna have on the pupils?

<p>Dilation of the pupils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary medicinal use of Ginkgo biloba?

<p>Memory improvement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which active chemical constituent is found in Ephedra sp.?

<p>Ephedrine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable side effect of using Ephedra sp.?

<p>Hypertensive reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which family includes garlic and onion?

<p>Alliaceae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What medicinal effect does curcumin, found in turmeric, primarily support?

<p>Reducing inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What active constituents are associated with saw palmetto?

<p>Polyphenols (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant is recognized for its use in gastrointestinal disorders?

<p>Curcuma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a medicinal use associated with garlic and onion?

<p>Antiasthmatic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with a hydrogen-to-oxygen ratio of 2:1, similar to water. They are the body's primary source of energy.

What are simple sugars?

Simple sugars, such as glucose and fructose, are the basic building blocks of carbohydrates. They are quickly absorbed and provide immediate energy.

What are disaccharides?

Disaccharides are formed when two simple sugars combine. Lactose, found in milk, is a common example.

What are polysaccharides?

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates composed of many sugar units linked together. Starches, found in grains and potatoes, are used for energy storage. Cellulose provides structural support in plants, making it a crucial component of plant cell walls.

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What are glycosides?

Glycosides are molecules composed of two parts: a carbohydrate residue (glycone) and a non-carbohydrate residue (aglycone). They can be classified based on the aglycone, number of sugars, linkage type, sugar type, or other characteristics.

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What are anthraquinones?

Anthraquinones, found in plants like Senna, are a type of aglycone in glycosides. They have laxative properties.

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What are flavonoids?

Flavonoids, found in citrus plants, are another type of aglycone in glycosides. They have antioxidant and capillary-strengthening properties.

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What are alkaloids?

Alkaloids are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing compounds found in various plants. They often exhibit pharmacological activity, such as stimulating the nervous system.

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Stellate Hair

A type of hair with a star-shaped appearance, often found in plants like Senna and Anise.

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Cystolith Hair

A type of hair that resembles a small, round brush.

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Twin Hair

A type of hair with two distinct branches.

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Peltate Hair

A type of hair with its stalk attached to the base of the epidermal cell.

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Uniseriate Hair

A type of hair with a single row of cells in the stalk.

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Biseriate Hair

A type of hair with two rows of cells in the stalk.

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Pluriseriate Hair

A type of hair with more than two rows of cells in the stalk.

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Branched Hair

A type of hair with a stalk that branches out.

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What are Solanaceous Alkaloids?

These alkaloids are found in plants belonging to the Solanaceae family, like Belladonna, Datura and Hyoscyamus. They are identified by Vitali's test, which produces a violet color that fades over time.

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What are volatile alkaloids?

Alkaloids that readily evaporate at room temperature, like nicotine.

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What are non-volatile alkaloids?

Alkaloids that do not readily evaporate at room temperature, like morphine.

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What is Mayer's Test?

A general test for alkaloids, which produces a creamy white precipitate when mixed with most alkaloids.

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What is Vitali's Test?

A specific test for Solanaceous alkaloids that produces a violet color that fades over time.

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What are volatile oils?

These are fragrant liquids or solids derived from plants that often have medicinal properties.

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What are fixed oils?

These are fatty acid esters that are non-volatile and do not evaporate easily.

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Gymnosperms

A group of plants that produce seeds that are not enclosed within a fruit or ovary. They are typically wind-pollinated and have naked seeds.

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Angiosperms

A group of plants that produce seeds enclosed within a fruit or ovary. They are typically animal-pollinated and have covered seeds.

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Fibrous Roots

Root systems that are spread out in a network of thin, branching roots. Common in monocotyledonous plants like grasses.

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Tap Roots

A single, thick main root with smaller lateral roots branching off. Common in dicotyledonous plants like carrots.

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Monocot Stem

A type of plant stem where vascular bundles (xylem and phloem) are arranged in scattered patterns throughout the ground tissue.

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Dicot Stem

A type of plant stem where vascular bundles (xylem and phloem) are arranged in a ring around the pith.

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Pinaceae

Family within Gymnosperms that includes pine trees. These trees produce resin and turpentine oil.

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Alkaloids

A compound found in many plants that can have medicinal properties. Often found in plants belonging to the Solanaceae family.

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What is Ginkgoaceae?

A group of plants that includes the Ginkgo tree. It is used for its memory-improving properties. It is believed to increase blood circulation to the brain.

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What is Ginkgo biloba?

A plant species within the Ginkgoaceae family. It is frequently used for its medicinal properties, particularly for improving memory.

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What is a common medicinal use of Ginkgo Biloba?

An example of a medicinal use for Ginkgo Biloba. It is believed to improve circulation and memory, making it helpful in cases of Alzheimer's disease.

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What is Ephedraceae?

A plant family that includes the ephedra plant. It is used for its anti-asthmatic and nasal decongestant properties.

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What is Ephedra sp.?

A plant species within the Ephedraceae family. It is commonly used for its anti-asthmatic and nasal decongestant properties.

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What is Ephedrine?

A key active constituent found in Ephedra sp., known for its anti-asthmatic and nasal decongestant properties.

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What is Alliaceae?

A plant family that includes plants like garlic and onion. These plants are known for their hypocholesterolemic, antihypertensive, and bactericidal properties.

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What is Palmaceae?

A plant family that includes plants like Saw Palmetto. It is used as an antioxidant and to address difficulty urinating in cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

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What is the Apiaceae family?

The Apiaceae family, also known as the Umbelliferae family, is known for plants like anise and caraway. These plants possess volatile oils, contributing to their medicinal properties like carminative and antispasmodic effects.

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What is the Asteraceae family?

The Asteraceae family, also called the Compositae family, includes plants like artichoke (Cynara) and Echinacea. Artichoke is used for liver and gallbladder issues, while Echinacea acts as an immunostimulant and aids respiratory ailments.

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What is the Leguminosae family?

The Leguminosae family (or Fabaceae) includes plants like Senna and licorice. Senna is known for its strong laxative effect due to anthraquinones. Licorice is used as an expectorant and for peptic ulcer treatment due to saponins like glycyrrhizin and flavonoids like liquiritin.

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What is the Papaveraceae family?

The Papaveraceae family includes plants like the opium poppy. This plant is a source of morphine, a powerful narcotic analgesic alkaloid.

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What is the Rutaceae family?

The Rutaceae family contains plants like Pilocarpus jaborandi. It is used in ophthalmology due to the alkaloid pilocarpine, which constricts the pupil.

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What is the Solanaceae family?

The Solanaceae family contains plants like belladonna, datura, and hyoscyamus. These plants produce solanaceous alkaloids like atropine, hyoscine, and hyoscyamine.

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