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Questions and Answers
What do living organisms need to do to sustain life?
What do living organisms need to do to sustain life?
- Only reproduce
- Only respond to the environment
- Take in energy, reproduce, respond to the environment, and consist of cells (correct)
- Only take in energy
Death is the return to chemical equilibrium.
Death is the return to chemical equilibrium.
False (B)
What is the environment preferred by microaerophilic organisms?
What is the environment preferred by microaerophilic organisms?
Low concentration of dissolved oxygen
Living cells are far from _______________________ equilibrium.
Living cells are far from _______________________ equilibrium.
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
What happens when the entire universe reaches equilibrium?
What happens when the entire universe reaches equilibrium?
Ciliates are macroaerophilic organisms.
Ciliates are macroaerophilic organisms.
What are the complicated molecules found in the cytoplasm of cells?
What are the complicated molecules found in the cytoplasm of cells?
What is the characteristic of lipids?
What is the characteristic of lipids?
Amino acids can form a wide variety of combinations.
Amino acids can form a wide variety of combinations.
What type of bonds do nucleotides form?
What type of bonds do nucleotides form?
Biological polymers are formed through _______ reactions.
Biological polymers are formed through _______ reactions.
Match the following biological polymers with their characteristics:
Match the following biological polymers with their characteristics:
What is the term for the building blocks of polymers?
What is the term for the building blocks of polymers?
Nucleic acids have the same variety as amino acids and proteins.
Nucleic acids have the same variety as amino acids and proteins.
What is the term for the process of combining monomers to form polymers?
What is the term for the process of combining monomers to form polymers?
What is the term for a substance that 'loves' water?
What is the term for a substance that 'loves' water?
The addition of a nonpolar substance to water increases the entropy of the system.
The addition of a nonpolar substance to water increases the entropy of the system.
What is the main reason for the spontaneous aggregation of nonpolar molecules in water?
What is the main reason for the spontaneous aggregation of nonpolar molecules in water?
Water molecules have to be oriented with their _______________ ends away from nonpolar molecules.
Water molecules have to be oriented with their _______________ ends away from nonpolar molecules.
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
What is the result of the aggregation of nonpolar molecules in water?
What is the result of the aggregation of nonpolar molecules in water?
What is the importance of water as a solvent in the context of the hydrophobic effect?
What is the importance of water as a solvent in the context of the hydrophobic effect?
Lipid bilayers tend to open up to form vesicles.
Lipid bilayers tend to open up to form vesicles.
What happens when amphipathic molecules associate?
What happens when amphipathic molecules associate?
Protons exist freely in water.
Protons exist freely in water.
What is the result of increasing [H+] above 10-7 M?
What is the result of increasing [H+] above 10-7 M?
PH is the power of _______________________
PH is the power of _______________________
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
What is the result of a spontaneous reaction?
What is the result of a spontaneous reaction?
Living organisms can survive in a state of chemical equilibrium.
Living organisms can survive in a state of chemical equilibrium.
What is the term for the process of maintaining a stable, constant condition in an organism?
What is the term for the process of maintaining a stable, constant condition in an organism?
The more complex the organism, the greater the ______________________ needs.
The more complex the organism, the greater the ______________________ needs.
What type of reactions are most metabolic reactions?
What type of reactions are most metabolic reactions?
Prokaryotes have a nucleus and subcellular compartments.
Prokaryotes have a nucleus and subcellular compartments.
What is the term for the movement of electrons in metabolic reactions?
What is the term for the movement of electrons in metabolic reactions?
What is the characteristic of eukaryotes?
What is the characteristic of eukaryotes?
The environment preferred by microaerophilic organisms is characterized by a low ______________________ of oxygen.
The environment preferred by microaerophilic organisms is characterized by a low ______________________ of oxygen.
Match the following domains with their characteristics:
Match the following domains with their characteristics:
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Study Notes
What is Life?
- Life is a set of qualifying factors that include: needing to take in energy, needing to reproduce, responding to the environment, and consisting of cells.
- Life is a chemical system that uses energy to keep itself from reaching chemical equilibrium.
Death
- Death is not the return to chemical equilibrium.
- Death is the moment when the system that maintains the far-from-equilibrium state ceases to exist.
- Equilibrium is the situation in which chemicals no longer have a tendency to react over time.
Biological Polymers
- Biological polymers are macromolecules built from monomers (unit molecules) for structure and/or nutrient storage.
- Examples include proteins (polypeptides), polysaccharides, and nucleic acids (polynucleotides).
- These polymers are formed through condensation reactions, which involve the loss of H2O.
Proteins
- Proteins are also known as polypeptides.
- They are formed through peptide or amide bonds.
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.
- They form phosphodiester bonds.
- The combination of nucleotides produces different conformations.
Energy and Spontaneity
- Life means order, which means a decrease in entropy (ΔS).
- To make a reaction spontaneous, the change in free energy (ΔG) must be negative, which requires a decrease in enthalpy (ΔH) and an increase in temperature (ΔT).
- High entropy means greater disorder and freedom of movement.
Coupled Chemical Reactions
- Unfavorable reactions can be "funded" by using the energy from a favorable reaction.
- This is known as coupled chemical reactions.
Metabolic Reactions
- Most metabolic reactions are a series of oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions.
- OIL RIG = Oxidation Is Loss; Reduction Is Gain (of electrons).
- Metabolism is all about moving electrons around.
The Three Domains of Life
- The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
- Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes, which lack a nucleus and subcellular compartments.
Hydrophobic Effect
- The hydrophobic effect is the tendency of nonpolar substances to aggregate in water, decreasing the entropy of the system.
- This is because nonpolar compounds do not dissolve in water.
- The hydrophobic effect is related to entropy (S), not enthalpy (H).
Amphiphilic Molecules
- Amphiphilic molecules, such as palmitate, have both polar and nonpolar regions.
- These molecules can arrange themselves to improve entropy, such as forming lipid bilayers.
The pH Scale
- The pH scale measures the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.
- pH = power of hydrogen (etymology uncertain).
- A decrease in pH means an increase in [H+].
- Most biological acids and bases are not strong.
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