Biology Chapters 1 & 2 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the difference between sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes?

  • Sister chromatids are produced through binary fission, while homologous chromosomes are produced through mitosis.
  • Sister chromatids are the same as homologous chromosomes. There is no difference.
  • Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes (one from each parent) that have the same genes but may have different alleles. They are similar in size, shape, and genetic content, and are involved in meiosis. (correct)
  • Sister chromatids are identical copies of a chromosome connected by a centromere and are formed during DNA replication. They are produced during the S phase of the cell cycle and are separated during mitosis. (correct)

What are the key events that occur during each phase of the cell cycle and mitosis? (Select all that apply)

  • Cytokinesis: The cytoplasm divides, resulting in two separate daughter cells. (correct)
  • Telophase: Chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelopes reform around the two sets of chromosomes, and the mitotic spindle disassembles. (correct)
  • Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell. (correct)
  • Prophase: Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, the mitotic spindle forms, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. (correct)
  • Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate, and spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes. (correct)

Explain the difference between haploid and diploid cells. Give an example of each.

Haploid cells contain one set of chromosomes (n), while diploid cells contain two sets of chromosomes (2n). Haploid cells include gametes (sperm and egg cells) while diploid cells include somatic (body) cells.

What is the overall equation for cellular respiration?

<p>C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of living things?

<p>Order, Complexity, Reproduction, Growth and Development, Energy Processing, Regulation, Response to Environment, Evolutionary Adaptation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic unit of life?

<p>Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the levels of biological organization, from smallest to largest?

<p>Atoms, Molecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms, Populations, Communities, Ecosystems, Biosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between discovery science and hypothesis science?

<p>Discovery science involves observing and describing natural phenomena, while hypothesis science involves testing specific explanations through experiments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A theory is a well-supported explanation that has been repeatedly tested and confirmed.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of macromolecule?

<p>Vitamins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

<p>Eukaryotes have organelles, while prokaryotes do not. (B), Prokaryotes are smaller and simpler than eukaryotes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

<p>The plasma membrane regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the mitochondria?

<p>Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for generating ATP through cellular respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the chloroplast?

<p>Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis, where light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between diffusion and osmosis?

<p>Diffusion is the movement of any substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Osmosis is the specific movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ATP in cellular processes?

<p>ATP provides the immediate energy needed for various cellular activities, such as muscle contraction, active transport, and synthesis of molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main stages of cellular respiration?

<p>Glycolysis, Acetyl-CoA Production, Citric Acid Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

<p>Aerobic respiration requires oxygen to produce ATP, while anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and yields less ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?

<p>6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy -&gt; C6H12O6 + 6O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chlorophyll a absorbs primarily blue-violet and red light.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main products of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?

<p>ATP and NADPH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis?

<p>The Calvin Cycle uses the energy from ATP and reducing power from NADPH to fix carbon dioxide into glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of photosynthesis is most common in plants?

<p>C3 Photosynthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three domains of life?

<p>Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya</p> Signup and view all the answers

Archaea are known for their ability to thrive in extreme environments, such as hot springs or salty lakes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between homologous and analogous structures?

<p>Homologous structures share a common ancestor, while analogous structures have similar functions but evolved independently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a shared derived trait?

<p>A trait unique to a specific group of organisms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of nodes in a phylogenetic tree?

<p>Nodes represent common ancestors, indicating points where lineages diverged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacteria are characterized by having peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some beneficial roles of bacteria in the environment?

<p>Bacteria play crucial roles in decomposition, nitrogen fixation, and the production of antibiotics and various food products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic that distinguishes protists from other eukaryotes?

<p>Protists are generally unicellular organisms, though some may form colonies or be multicellular.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do fungi obtain nutrients?

<p>By absorbing nutrients from their surroundings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key structural features of fungi?

<p>Fungi typically have hyphae, which are thread-like filaments that extend into the environment to absorb nutrients, and their cell walls are composed of chitin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the ecological role of fungi as decomposers.

<p>Fungi break down dead organic matter, releasing nutrients back into the ecosystem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gametes are haploid cells, meaning they have one set of chromosomes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key events that occur during each phase of mitosis?

<p>Prophase: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, the mitotic spindle forms, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate. Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles. Telophase: Chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelopes reform around the chromosomes, and the mitotic spindle disassembles. Cytokinesis: The cytoplasm divides, resulting in two daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

<p>Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell, while meiosis produces four genetically distinct daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do independent assortment and crossing over contribute to genetic diversity in offspring during meiosis?

<p>Independent assortment refers to the random alignment of homologous chromosomes during metaphase I, leading to different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes in the gametes. Crossing over involves the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I, creating new combinations of alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a gene and an allele?

<p>A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait, while an allele is a variant form of a gene that can produce different traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a dominant allele and a recessive allele?

<p>A dominant allele masks the expression of a recessive allele, while a recessive allele is only expressed when two copies are present. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance?

<p>Incomplete dominance results in a blended phenotype where the heterozygote expresses a trait intermediate to the homozygous phenotypes, while codominance results in the expression of both alleles simultaneously in the heterozygote.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

<p>The central dogma describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main steps of transcription?

<p>Initiation: RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of DNA and unwinds the DNA strands. Elongation: RNA polymerase synthesizes a complementary RNA strand by adding RNA nucleotides. Termination: RNA polymerase reaches a terminator sequence, causing it to detach from the DNA and release the mRNA strand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how insertion, deletion, and substitution mutations can affect organisms.

<p>Insertion and deletion mutations can shift the reading frame, altering the protein produced. Substitution mutations can result in silent mutations, missense mutations (change in amino acid), or nonsense mutations (stop codon), impacting protein function and potentially leading to disease or phenotypic changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the characteristics of viruses and how they replicate.

<p>Viruses are acellular entities composed of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. They cannot reproduce independently and must infect a host cell to replicate. Upon infection, a virus injects its genetic material into the host, hijacking the host's cellular machinery to produce new viral particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are bacteriophages?

<p>Bacteriophages are viruses that specifically infect bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the differences between the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle of bacteriophages?

<p>In the lytic cycle, the bacteriophage immediately replicates and lyses the host cell, releasing new viruses. In the lysogenic cycle, the bacteriophage integrates its DNA into the host's genome, replicating along with the host's DNA without immediately killing the host. The virus can later enter the lytic cycle under certain conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the COVID-19 virus (SARS-CoV-2) infect humans?

<p>The COVID-19 virus infects human cells primarily through the respiratory route. The virus uses its spike protein to bind to the ACE2 receptor on human cells, allowing entry. Once inside, it hijacks the host's cellular machinery to replicate, leading to cell damage and an immune response. Symptoms range from mild respiratory issues to severe complications, including pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some ways in which species are defined?

<p>Species are defined using various concepts, including the biological species concept, which focuses on interbreeding populations producing fertile offspring, and the morphological species concept, which classifies based on physical traits. However, these concepts can be challenging to apply in certain situations, such as for asexual organisms or fossils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different types of selection?

<p>Natural selection favors traits that increase fitness in a given environment. Artificial selection is human-driven, where humans selectively breed organisms with desired traits. Sexual selection favors traits that increase mating success. Other types include stabilizing selection, which favors intermediate traits, directional selection, which favors one extreme trait, and disruptive selection, which favors extreme traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main types of tissues in the human body?

<p>Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines organs. Connective tissue supports and connects tissues. Muscle tissue enables movement. Nervous tissue processes and transmits information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is homeostasis?

<p>Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment within the body despite external fluctuations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the differences between innate and adaptive immunity?

<p>Innate immunity is the first line of defense, providing a rapid and nonspecific response to pathogens. Adaptive immunity is a slower but more specific response, involving memory and targeting specific antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of defenses against predation and herbivory?

<p>Plants have evolved defenses such as thorns, toxins, and camouflage. Animals have defenses such as camouflage, mimicry, and physical defenses like claws, horns, or venom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between population size and population density?

<p>Population size refers to the total number of individuals in a population, while population density refers to the number of individuals per unit area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different types of species distribution patterns?

<p>Species distribution patterns can be random, clumped, or uniform. Random distributions occur when individuals are scattered without a specific pattern. Clumped distributions occur when individuals gather in groups, often due to resource availability or social interactions. Uniform distributions occur when individuals are evenly spaced, usually due to competition for resources or territorial behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are density-dependent factors and density-independent factors?

<p>Density-dependent factors affect population growth based on the population size, such as disease, predation, and competition. Density-independent factors affect population growth regardless of size, such as natural disasters, weather events, and habitat loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of interspecific interactions?

<p>Interspecific interactions involve relationships between different species. Examples include competition, where species compete for resources; predation, where one species preys on another; herbivory, where herbivores consume plants; commensalism, where one species benefits without affecting the other; mutualism, where both species benefit; and parasitism, where one species benefits at the expense of the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Order (living things)

Organized structures, such as cells, that make up living organisms.

Reproduction

The ability of living things to produce offspring.

Growth & Development

Living things increase in size and complexity following a certain pattern.

Energy Processing

Metabolism that allows organisms to use energy.

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Regulation

Maintaining a stable internal environment.

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Response to Environment

Reacting to changes in surroundings.

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Evolutionary Adaptation

Traits changing over time to help organisms survive.

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Atom (biology)

The most basic component of matter.

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Molecule (biology)

Two or more atoms bonded together.

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Organelle

Specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions.

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Prokaryotic cell

A cell lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

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Eukaryotic cell

A cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

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Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom.

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Mass Number

The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom.

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Isotope

Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

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Ion

An atom with a net electric charge; lost or gained electrons.

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DNA Replication

The process of copying DNA to create a new DNA molecule.

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Complete Dominance

A dominant allele masks a recessive allele's effect completely.

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Incomplete Dominance

Phenotype is a blend of the dominant and recessive alleles.

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Central Dogma

The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins.

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Transcription

Copying DNA into RNA.

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Translation

Building proteins from RNA instructions.

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Enzyme

A protein that speeds up chemical reactions.

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What is the difference between sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes?

Sister chromatids: Identical copies of a chromosome connected by a centromere, formed during DNA replication. They are produced during the S phase of the cell cycle and are separated during mitosis. Homologous chromosomes: Pairs of chromosomes (one from each parent) that have the same genes but may have different alleles. They are similar in size, shape, and genetic content, and are involved in meiosis.

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Haploid vs. Diploid Cells

Haploid cells contain one set of chromosomes (n). Examples include gametes (sperm and egg cells). Diploid cells contain two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set from each parent. Examples include somatic (body) cells.

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Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cell Division

Prokaryotic Cell Division: Occurs through binary fission, a simpler process where the DNA is replicated and the cell divides into two identical cells without the complex stages of mitosis. Eukaryotic Cell Division: Involves mitosis (for somatic cells) and meiosis (for gametes), which include complex stages (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) and the formation of a mitotic spindle.

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Interphase (Cell Cycle)

Cell growth, normal functions, and preparation for DNA synthesis.

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What are the four stages of Mitosis?

Prophase: Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, the mitotic spindle forms, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate, and spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes. Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell. Telophase: Chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelopes reform around the two sets of chromosomes, and the mitotic spindle disassembles.

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Cytokinesis (Cell Division)

The cytoplasm divides, resulting in two separate daughter cells during the final stage of mitosis.

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Gametes vs. Somatic Cells

Gametes: Haploid reproductive cells (sperm and eggs) that fuse during fertilization to form a diploid zygote. Somatic Cells: Diploid cells that make up most of the body's tissues and organs, not involved in reproduction.

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Meiosis I: Prophase I

Homologous chromosomes pair and exchange genetic material through crossing over.

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Meiosis I: Metaphase I, Anaphase I & Telophase I

During Metaphase I, homologous chromosomes align at the metaphase plate. During Anaphase I, homologous chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles. During Telophase I, chromosomes may decondense and nuclear envelopes may reform.

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Meiosis II: What happens?

Similar to mitosis, but starting with haploid cells. Each chromosome aligns at the metaphase plate, and the sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles during Anaphase II.

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Independent Assortment of Chromosomes

During meiosis, the orientation of homologous chromosome pairs at the metaphase plate is random, leading to a mix of maternal and paternal chromosomes in gametes.

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Crossing Over (Meiosis)

During prophase I, homologous chromosomes exchange segments of DNA, resulting in new combinations of alleles and increasing genetic variation.

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Similarities and Differences: Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Both divide cells, but meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid daughter cells (gametes) while mitosis produces two identical diploid daughter cells (somatic). Meiosis has two rounds of division, while mitosis has one.

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Gene (Biology)

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait or characteristic.

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Allele

A variant form of a gene that can produce different traits.

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Dominant vs. Recessive Alleles

Dominant: An allele that expresses its trait even in the presence of a recessive allele. Recessive: An allele that only expresses its trait when two copies are present.

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Phenotype: The observable traits or characteristics of an organism.

The physical expression of the genotype, what we see on the outside.

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Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism, represented by alleles.

The underlying 'recipe' contained in the DNA.

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Homozygous vs. Heterozygous

Homozygous: Having two identical alleles for a specific gene. Heterozygous: Having two different alleles for a specific gene.

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What is complete dominance?

The dominant allele completely masks the effect of the recessive allele.

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What is Incomplete Dominance?

The phenotype is a blend of the dominant and recessive traits. (Example: Red flower (RR) crossed with white flower (WW) results in pink flowers (RW)).

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What is Codominance?

Both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype. (Example: AB blood type where both A and B alleles are expressed).

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What is Polygenic Inheritance?

Multiple genes influence a trait. (Example: Skin color in humans).

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What is Epistasis?

One gene's effect masks or modifies the effect of another gene. (Example: Coat color in Labrador retrievers, where one gene determines pigment and another gene determines if the pigment is expressed).

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What are Multiple Alleles?

More than two alleles exist for a gene. (Example: ABO blood groups).

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Sex-Linked vs. Non-Sex-Linked Genes

Sex-Linked: Genes located on sex chromosomes (X or Y). Non-Sex-Linked: Genes located on autosomes (non-sex chromosomes).

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Study Notes

Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology

  • Living things exhibit several properties, including order, reproduction, growth and development, energy processing, regulation, response to the environment, and evolutionary adaptation.
  • Biological organization ranges from atoms to molecules to cells to tissues to organs to organ systems to organisms to populations to communities to ecosystems to biosphere.
  • Taxonomy classifies organisms hierarchically (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species).
  • Discovery science involves observation, while hypothesis science involves experimentation.
  • A hypothesis is a testable explanation, and a theory is a broad explanation supported by evidence.

Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life

  • Atoms consist of protons (positive), neutrons (neutral), and electrons (negative).
  • Atomic number is the number of protons.
  • Mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons.
  • Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
  • Ions are charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons.
  • Electron configurations describe the arrangement of electrons in an atom's orbitals.
  • Chemical bonds, like ionic and covalent bonds, hold atoms together to form molecules.
  • Water is a polar molecule with cohesion, adhesion, high heat capacity, and solvent properties.
  • pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.
  • Macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) are essential for life.

Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function

  • Cells are the basic units of life, categorized into prokaryotic (no nucleus) and eukaryotic (with nucleus) types.
  • The endosymbiotic theory explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
  • The plasma membrane regulates transport across the cell.
  • Organelles serve diverse functions within cells (e.g., cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, nucleus, rough ER, smooth ER).

Chapter 4: How Cells Obtain Energy

  • Cells obtain energy through cellular respiration, which converts glucose and oxygen into ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.
  • Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy.
  • Inhibitors affect enzyme activity.
  • ATP powers cellular work through phosphorylation.

Chapter 5: Photosynthesis

  • Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose).
  • Chlorophyll and other pigments capture light energy.
  • The light-dependent reactions generate ATP and NADPH, while the Calvin cycle converts CO2 into glucose.
  • C3, C4, and CAM photosynthesis are different mechanisms for carbon fixation.

Chapter 12: Diversity of Life

  • Living things are categorized into domains (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya).
  • Taxonomy uses a hierarchical system (Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species) to classify organisms.
  • Homologous structures share a common ancestry, while analogous structures have similar functions but different origins.
  • Phylogenetic trees show evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Chapter 13: Microbes, Fungi, and Protists

  • Microorganisms (bacteria, archaea, protists) exhibit diverse characteristics and play important roles in ecosystems and human health.
  • Fungi are eukaryotes that obtain nutrients by absorbing organic matter.
  • Protists are eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi.

Chapter 6: Reproduction at the Cellular Level

  • Sister chromatids are identical copies of a chromosome.
  • Homologous chromosomes are chromosome pairs from each parent.
  • Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes, whereas diploid cells have two sets.
  • Prokaryotes divide by binary fission, while eukaryotes divide by mitosis and meiosis.
  • Meiosis produces haploid gametes, while mitosis produces diploid somatic cells.

Chapter 7: Cellular Basis of Inheritance

  • Gametes are haploid reproductive cells (sperm and egg).
  • Somatic cells are diploid body cells.
  • Meiosis involves two rounds of cell division, producing four haploid daughter cells.
  • Mitosis produces two diploid daughter cells.

Chapter 8: Patterns of Inheritance

  • Genes code for traits, and alleles are different forms of a gene.
  • Inheritance patterns include complete dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, polygenic inheritance, and epistasis.
  • Sex-linked genes are located on sex chromosomes (X or Y) and can exhibit different inheritance patterns than autosomal genes.

Chapter 9: Molecular Biology

  • DNA replicates semi-conservatively, creating identical copies of DNA.
  • The central dogma describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.
  • Transcription is the process of making RNA from a DNA template.
  • Translation is the synthesis of a polypeptide (protein) from an mRNA template.

Chapter 15: Mutations

  • Mutations are changes in DNA sequence.
  • Mutations can be harmful, beneficial, or neutral.
  • Types of mutations include insertion, deletion, and substitution mutations.

Chapter 17: The Immune System

  • Innate and adaptive immunity provide defenses against pathogens.
  • Immune cells, such as phagocytes, T cells, and B cells, play vital roles in immune responses.
  • Antigens trigger immune responses, and antibodies are produced to neutralize them.

Chapter 19: Population and Community Ecology

  • Population size and density are key measures.
  • Species distributions can be random, clumped, or uniform.
  • Population growth can be exponential or logistic.
  • Density-dependent and density-independent factors influence population sizes.
  • Interspecific interactions (competition, predation, herbivory, commensalism, mutualism, parasitism) shape communities.

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