Biology Chapters 1 & 2 Quiz

Haploid cells contain one set of chromosomes (n), while diploid cells contain two sets of chromosomes (2n). Haploid cells include gametes (sperm and egg cells) while diploid cells include somatic (body) cells.

<p>C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Order, Complexity, Reproduction, Growth and Development, Energy Processing, Regulation, Response to Environment, Evolutionary Adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atoms, Molecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms, Populations, Communities, Ecosystems, Biosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discovery science involves observing and describing natural phenomena, while hypothesis science involves testing specific explanations through experiments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eukaryotes have organelles, while prokaryotes do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The plasma membrane regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for generating ATP through cellular respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis, where light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diffusion is the movement of any substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Osmosis is the specific movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP provides the immediate energy needed for various cellular activities, such as muscle contraction, active transport, and synthesis of molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycolysis, Acetyl-CoA Production, Citric Acid Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aerobic respiration requires oxygen to produce ATP, while anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and yields less ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy -&gt; C6H12O6 + 6O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP and NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Calvin Cycle uses the energy from ATP and reducing power from NADPH to fix carbon dioxide into glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C3 Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homologous structures share a common ancestor, while analogous structures have similar functions but evolved independently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A trait unique to a specific group of organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nodes represent common ancestors, indicating points where lineages diverged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria play crucial roles in decomposition, nitrogen fixation, and the production of antibiotics and various food products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protists are generally unicellular organisms, though some may form colonies or be multicellular.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By absorbing nutrients from their surroundings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fungi typically have hyphae, which are thread-like filaments that extend into the environment to absorb nutrients, and their cell walls are composed of chitin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fungi break down dead organic matter, releasing nutrients back into the ecosystem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prophase: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, the mitotic spindle forms, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate. Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles. Telophase: Chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelopes reform around the chromosomes, and the mitotic spindle disassembles. Cytokinesis: The cytoplasm divides, resulting in two daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell, while meiosis produces four genetically distinct daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Independent assortment refers to the random alignment of homologous chromosomes during metaphase I, leading to different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes in the gametes. Crossing over involves the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I, creating new combinations of alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait, while an allele is a variant form of a gene that can produce different traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A dominant allele masks the expression of a recessive allele, while a recessive allele is only expressed when two copies are present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incomplete dominance results in a blended phenotype where the heterozygote expresses a trait intermediate to the homozygous phenotypes, while codominance results in the expression of both alleles simultaneously in the heterozygote.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The central dogma describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initiation: RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of DNA and unwinds the DNA strands. Elongation: RNA polymerase synthesizes a complementary RNA strand by adding RNA nucleotides. Termination: RNA polymerase reaches a terminator sequence, causing it to detach from the DNA and release the mRNA strand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insertion and deletion mutations can shift the reading frame, altering the protein produced. Substitution mutations can result in silent mutations, missense mutations (change in amino acid), or nonsense mutations (stop codon), impacting protein function and potentially leading to disease or phenotypic changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viruses are acellular entities composed of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. They cannot reproduce independently and must infect a host cell to replicate. Upon infection, a virus injects its genetic material into the host, hijacking the host's cellular machinery to produce new viral particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteriophages are viruses that specifically infect bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the lytic cycle, the bacteriophage immediately replicates and lyses the host cell, releasing new viruses. In the lysogenic cycle, the bacteriophage integrates its DNA into the host's genome, replicating along with the host's DNA without immediately killing the host. The virus can later enter the lytic cycle under certain conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The COVID-19 virus infects human cells primarily through the respiratory route. The virus uses its spike protein to bind to the ACE2 receptor on human cells, allowing entry. Once inside, it hijacks the host's cellular machinery to replicate, leading to cell damage and an immune response. Symptoms range from mild respiratory issues to severe complications, including pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Species are defined using various concepts, including the biological species concept, which focuses on interbreeding populations producing fertile offspring, and the morphological species concept, which classifies based on physical traits. However, these concepts can be challenging to apply in certain situations, such as for asexual organisms or fossils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural selection favors traits that increase fitness in a given environment. Artificial selection is human-driven, where humans selectively breed organisms with desired traits. Sexual selection favors traits that increase mating success. Other types include stabilizing selection, which favors intermediate traits, directional selection, which favors one extreme trait, and disruptive selection, which favors extreme traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines organs. Connective tissue supports and connects tissues. Muscle tissue enables movement. Nervous tissue processes and transmits information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment within the body despite external fluctuations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Innate immunity is the first line of defense, providing a rapid and nonspecific response to pathogens. Adaptive immunity is a slower but more specific response, involving memory and targeting specific antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plants have evolved defenses such as thorns, toxins, and camouflage. Animals have defenses such as camouflage, mimicry, and physical defenses like claws, horns, or venom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Population size refers to the total number of individuals in a population, while population density refers to the number of individuals per unit area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Species distribution patterns can be random, clumped, or uniform. Random distributions occur when individuals are scattered without a specific pattern. Clumped distributions occur when individuals gather in groups, often due to resource availability or social interactions. Uniform distributions occur when individuals are evenly spaced, usually due to competition for resources or territorial behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Density-dependent factors affect population growth based on the population size, such as disease, predation, and competition. Density-independent factors affect population growth regardless of size, such as natural disasters, weather events, and habitat loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interspecific interactions involve relationships between different species. Examples include competition, where species compete for resources; predation, where one species preys on another; herbivory, where herbivores consume plants; commensalism, where one species benefits without affecting the other; mutualism, where both species benefit; and parasitism, where one species benefits at the expense of the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers