Biology Chapter: Vitamins, Proteins, and Transport

Movement of substances from a high concentration to a low concentration, without using energy.

A type of passive transport that uses helper proteins for large molecules to enter the cell.

Movement of substances from a low concentration to a high concentration, requiring energy.

The process of engulfing large or polar molecules by folding the cell membrane inwards.

A type of bulk transport where the cell membrane folds inwards to engulf material.

A type of endocytosis where the cell takes in extracellular fluid and small particles.

A type of endocytosis where the cell engulfs large particles, like bacteria or cellular debris.

A type of endocytosis where specific protein receptors bind to molecules and draw them into the cell.

Vitamins that dissolve in water and are easily excreted by the body. Excess intake is usually not a concern.

Vitamins that can build up to toxic levels if not taken correctly. These include vitamins A, D, E, and K.

A condition caused by a lack of certain vitamins.

The order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. It determines the protein's shape and function.

The three-dimensional shape of a protein, formed by interactions between amino acid side chains.

Fats that have only single bonds between carbon atoms in their fatty acid chains. They are typically solid at room temperature.

Fats that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms in their fatty acid chains. They are typically liquid at room temperature.

A waxy lipid that is essential for cell membrane structure, nerve insulation, and bile production.

The final stage of mitosis where daughter chromosomes reach the poles of the cell, decondense, and the nuclear membrane reforms around them. The cytoplasm then divides, resulting in two identical daughter cells.

The division of the cytoplasm following mitosis, resulting in two separate daughter cells, each with a complete set of chromosomes.

The process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It is essential for growth, development, and repair.

The first stage of meiosis, during which homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through crossing over.

The second stage of meiosis, where homologous chromosome pairs line up at the center of the cell and are then pulled apart to opposite poles, ensuring that each daughter cell receives one chromosome from each pair.

The final stage of meiosis I, where the nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes, resulting in two haploid daughter cells.

The second division of meiosis, similar to mitosis but involving the division of haploid cells created in meiosis I.

The process of cell division that results in four non-identical haploid daughter cells (gametes, such as sperm or eggs). It is essential for sexual reproduction and genetic diversity.

Tiny air sacs at the ends of bronchioles where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs.

The process of gas exchange between the alveoli and the capillaries.

The movement of oxygen from the alveoli into the bloodstream.

The process of oxygen transport from the lungs to the body's tissues.

An iron-containing protein found in red blood cells responsible for oxygen transport.

The form of hemoglobin when oxygen is bound to it.

The form of hemoglobin when oxygen is not bound to it.

The optimal pH range for hemoglobin to function efficiently.

A relationship where two or more species compete for the same resources, leading to adaptations to reduce overlap or increase efficiency.

A relationship where one species (parasite) benefits at the expense of another species (host), leading to defensive and offensive adaptations.

The evolution of a single species into multiple distinct species, often driven by environmental pressures.

Evolutionary change happening slowly and gradually over long periods.

Evolutionary change happening in rapid bursts of change followed by long periods of stability.

The breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes in the digestive system, starting in the mouth and ending in the small intestine.

The breakdown of proteins by enzymes in the digestive system, starting in the stomach and ending in the small intestine.

The breakdown of fats (lipids) by enzymes in the digestive system, starting in the mouth and ending in the small intestine.

Preserved remains or traces of ancient life forms, usually found embedded in rocks.

The branch of science that studies prehistoric life through the examination of fossils.

A fossil demonstrating a transitional form between reptiles and birds, possessing both reptilian and avian features.

Structures in different organisms with similar anatomy and shared ancestry, but serving different functions.

Structures with similar functions but different anatomical structures and origins.

Body parts with reduced function or no apparent function, often remnants of structures useful in ancestral organisms.

DNA sequences that are non-functional, often due to mutations, and share similarities between species.

Similarities in the order and types of amino acids in proteins between different species.