Biology Chapter: Vitamins, Proteins, and Transport

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following vitamins is NOT water-soluble?

Folic acid

Vitamin C

Vitamin B12

Vitamin A (correct)

What is the primary function of minerals in the human body?

Regulating body temperature

Providing energy for cellular processes

Facilitating chemical reactions and providing structural components (correct)

Serving as the main structural component of cells

What is the most accurate description of the primary structure of a protein?

The combination of multiple polypeptide chains

The three-dimensional shape of a protein molecule

The arrangement of alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain (correct)

At what level of protein structure do interactions between R-groups primarily dictate the final 3D shape?

Tertiary (B) Signup and view all the answers

What process is responsible for disrupting a protein's tertiary structure, potentially leading to a loss of function?

Denaturation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key structural feature of saturated fats that distinguishes them from unsaturated fats?

Having only single bonds between carbons in the fatty acid chains (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why is cholesterol considered essential for the human body?

It insulates nerves, maintains cell membrane rigidity, and is used to make bile. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of High Density Lipoproteins (HDLs) regarding cholesterol?

To remove cholesterol from the body by transporting it to the liver. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which transport process uses protein channels to move molecules down the concentration gradient?

Facilitated diffusion (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinction between active and passive transport?

The direction molecules move relative to concentration gradient (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of bulk transport that involves the engulfment of large particles?

Phagocytosis (A) Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does a cell replicate its DNA?

S phase (B) Signup and view all the answers

During which mitotic phase are sister chromatids pulled apart towards opposite poles?

Anaphase (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these processes is a form of endocytosis that is very specific in the molecules it brings into the cell?

Receptor-mediated endocytosis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key purpose of mitosis in multicellular organisms?

Growth, repair, and asexual reproduction (A) Signup and view all the answers

In what phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up at the cell's equator?

Metaphase (B) Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of mitosis do chromatids begin to de-condense and the nuclear membrane reforms?

Telophase (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of cytokinesis in mitosis?

Creation of two separate daughter cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key significance of mitosis?

Genetic variation (D) Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

Prophase I (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Anaphase I of meiosis and anaphase of mitosis?

Homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis, while sister chromatids separate in mitosis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the ploidy of the cells after telophase I of meiosis?

Haploid (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant difference between the products of mitosis and the products of meiosis?

Meiosis produces four non-identical cells, while mitosis produces two identical cells. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What process ensures that offspring inherit a combination of genetic traits from both parents?

Meiosis and sexual reproduction (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the alveoli?

To exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide in the capillaries (A) Signup and view all the answers

What role does hemoglobin play in oxygen transport?

It binds oxygen in red blood cells for transport (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH range that hemoglobin must be maintained at for optimal function?

7.2 - 7.4 (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs in the alveoli to facilitate gas exchange?

Diffusion (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is produced when oxygen binds with the iron in hemoglobin?

Oxy-hemoglobin (C) Signup and view all the answers

What structure directs air into the trachea?

Pharynx (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structural feature of the nasal cavity that aids in filtering air?

Cilia and mucus membranes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes deoxy-hemoglobin from oxy-hemoglobin?

Color change due to oxygen binding (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are fossils primarily composed of?

Preserved remains of organisms buried in sediments (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes structures in different organisms that share a recent shared ancestry?

Homologous structures (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of evidence for evolution involves examining similarities in DNA sequences?

Molecular evidence (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'vestigial structures' refer to?

Anatomical parts that appear to have no functions (A) Signup and view all the answers

Archaeopteryx is significant because it is considered:

The oldest known fossil bird (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of analogous structures?

Thumbs of a primate and a dog (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about pseudogenes is true?

They are non-coding sequences that are inactive (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do analogous structures differ from homologous structures?

They perform similar functions but have different anatomy (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of salivary amylase in carbohydrate digestion?

Break down starches into sugars (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for protein digestion in the stomach?

Pepsin (A) Signup and view all the answers

Adaptive radiation refers to which of the following?

The evolution of a single species into multiple distant species (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT involved in fat digestion?

Trypsin (B) Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the digestive system does carbohydrate digestion cease?

Stomach (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which digestive enzymes are produced by the pancreas for protein digestion?

Trypsin and chymotrypsin (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of bile in fat digestion?

Emulsify fats to facilitate digestion (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes rapid evolutionary changes followed by long periods of stability?

Punctuated equilibrium (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biodiversity

Taxonomy is the science of naming, identifying, and classifying species, relying on observable traits (morphology).
Domains include: Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea.
Kingdoms include: different groups of organisms like plants, animals, etc.
Taxonomic levels, from broadest to most specific, are: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.

Cell Structure

Eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
DNA is organized into linear chromosomes in a eukaryotic cell.
Prokaryotic cells are smaller and lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, instead having DNA in a nucleoid region and a circular chromosome.
Both have a cell membrane and ribosomes.

Viruses & Viruses Life Cycle

Viruses are not living organisms and cannot reproduce on their own; they need a host cell.
Basic structure includes a protein coat and nucleic acid(DNA or RNA).
Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria.
The lytic cycle involves viral replication that results in the destruction of the host cell.

Protists

Protists are eukaryotic organisms that are not plants, animals, or fungi.
They exhibit various methods of movement including pseudopodia, flagella, and cilia.
They can be autotrophic, heterotrophic or both.
Examples: Euglena, Paramecium, and Amoeba.
Protists reproduce asexually by mitosis or sexually by alternation of generations.

Fungi

Fungi are heterotrophs, obtaining nutrients by secreting enzymes that digest organic matter.
Fungi consist of hyphae, forming a mycelium; yeasts are unicellular.
Some fungi form symbiotic relationships called mycorrhizae with plants, aiding in nutrient absorption.
Fungi reproduce sexually or asexually.
Major groups include: Zygomycota, Basidiomycota, and Ascomycota.

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Description

Test your knowledge on essential biological concepts including vitamins, minerals, proteins, and cellular transport mechanisms. This quiz covers the primary structures of proteins, lipid distinctions, and transport processes. Perfect for students studying biology at any level.