Biology Chapter: Transcription and Translation

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Questions and Answers

What is the first step in the transcription process?

Splicing of mRNA

Unwinding of DNA (correct)

Termination of transcription

Addition of nucleotides

Which processes modify the mRNA before it leaves the nucleus?

Translation and termination

Unwinding and elongation

Splicing, editing, and polyadenylation (correct)

Replication and transcription

What are the coding regions of mRNA called?

Introns

Exons (correct)

Codons

Nucleotides

What is the role of the polyadenylation process in mRNA?

It adds a tail to mRNA to protect it Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for RNA ready to transport information for protein synthesis?

Messenger RNA (mRNA) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the translation process?

Codons and anticodons interact to form proteins Signup and view all the answers

How does mRNA exit the nucleus to reach the ribosomes?

Through its membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

To facilitate the bonding of amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of DNA in protein synthesis?

DNA acts as a template for RNA synthesis Signup and view all the answers

During which process is the genetic information transcribed from DNA to RNA?

Transcription Signup and view all the answers

Where does transcription occur within a cell?

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Which step of transcription involves the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter?

Initiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the messenger that transmits genetic information from DNA to ribosomes?

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the translation process?

RNA is used to synthesize proteins Signup and view all the answers

What determines the type of protein formed during protein synthesis?

The specific amino acids joined together Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the elongation phase of transcription?

RNA nucleotides are added to the growing RNA strand Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis?

To carry amino acids and match them with the corresponding codon on mRNA. Signup and view all the answers

Which pairing is correct in the context of nucleotides between DNA, mRNA, and tRNA?

A-U, U-A, C-G Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of codons in messenger RNA (mRNA)?

To specify the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'anticodon' refer to?

The complementary sequence in tRNA that pairs with mRNA codons. Signup and view all the answers

How many possible combinations of codons can be formed with four nitrogen bases?

64 Signup and view all the answers

During the translation process, what happens after an amino acid is joined to the growing protein chain?

tRNA disconnects from both the amino acid and mRNA. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the start and stop codons in mRNA?

They mark the start and finish of protein synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly explains the process of transcription?

It involves copying a segment of DNA into mRNA. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Transcription

The enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter, causing DNA to unwind
DNA is "read" by the enzyme and a complementary strand of mRNA is formed
Elongation is the addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand
Termination is the ending of transcription. The mRNA strand is complete and detaches from DNA.
In eukaryotes, mRNA needs further processing before leaving the nucleus. This includes splicing, editing, and polyadenylation
Splicing removes introns, regions of mRNA that do not code for proteins
Remaining mRNA, called exons, code for proteins
Polyadenylation adds a "tail" to the mRNA composed of adenine bases
The tail signals the end of the mRNA, protects it from enzymes breaking it down, and aids in exporting it from the nucleus
The codons are groups of three nucleotides that act as messengers in protein formation.

Translation

Messenger RNA (mRNA) leaves the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is another type of RNA found in the cytoplasm
Translation is the process where codons and anticodons form proteins
Anticodons, short strands of tRNA, complement the codons in mRNA
tRNA attaches to specific amino acids in the cytoplasm and lines up along mRNA, ensuring complementary base pairing
The amino acids connect to eventually form a protein
tRNA disconnects from the amino acid and mRNA to return to the cytoplasm and bind to another amino acid

DNA and Protein Synthesis

Genes are segments of DNA that code for a specific protein for a particular trait
DNA is responsible for protein synthesis
There are 20 different amino acids
The order of amino acids determines the type of protein
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) acts as a messenger between DNA in the nucleus and ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where proteins are synthesised
The process of transferring genetic information is called gene expression
Transcription is the process of transcribing genetic information from DNA to RNA
Translation is the process of translating genetic information from RNA to a protein
The genetic code is based on nitrogen bases arranged in series of threes, called codons
Each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid
Triplet codes can create 64 different combinations of amino acids
Some codons signal the start or end of protein chains

Example of DNA Codon Sequence

DNA codon sequence: ACA – TGG – CGT
mRNA codon sequence: UGU – ACC – GCA
tRNA codon sequence: ACA – UGG – CGU
Amino acids formed: Cysteine – Threonine – Alanine

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Description

Explore the critical processes of transcription and translation in this quiz. Learn how RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA from DNA, the importance of splicing and polyadenylation, and the role of codons in protein formation. Test your knowledge on the steps and components involved in these essential biological processes.