Biology Chapter: The Human Nervous System
48 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of neurons in the nervous system?

  • To transport oxygen in the bloodstream
  • To carry messages throughout the body (correct)
  • To assist in digestion and metabolism
  • To produce hormones necessary for growth

Which part of the neuron is responsible for nourishing the cell and connecting dendrites to the axon?

  • Neuron membrane
  • Axon terminal
  • Dendrite
  • Soma (cell body) (correct)

What happens if a neuron is destroyed?

  • It can regenerate through mitosis
  • It cannot be replaced (correct)
  • It can be replaced by another neuron
  • It transforms into another type of cell

What does the term 'amitotic' indicate about neurons?

<p>They cannot divide or reproduce (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord?

<p>Central nervous system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way are neurons similar to machines?

<p>Both convert energy from one form to another (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the primary role of the nervous system?

<p>To carry messages between the brain and the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do researchers study the functions within the brain effectively?

<p>By studying individual parts of the brain and their roles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cell body in a neuron?

<p>To carry genetic information and maintain structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the neuron is primarily responsible for conducting neural impulses away from the cell body?

<p>Axon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the nodes of Ranvier serve in myelinated axons?

<p>They facilitate saltatory conduction of action potentials (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the myelin sheath?

<p>To speed up conduction of information and provide insulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do terminal buttons do?

<p>Transmit signals to other neurons at synapses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many glial cells are approximately equivalent to one neuron?

<p>10 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is known as adrenaline?

<p>Epinephrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what situation does adrenaline typically get produced?

<p>In high stress or exciting situations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of endorphins in the body?

<p>To create a feeling of well-being or euphoria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron is responsible for conducting impulses from sense organs towards the brain?

<p>Sensory neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily housed within the central nervous system?

<p>Brain and spinal cord (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the role of the spinal cord?

<p>It integrates sensory and motor pathways. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of neuron connects sensory neurons to motor neurons?

<p>Interneurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ions are positively charged and have fewer electrons than protons?

<p>Cations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one common way to stimulate the release of endorphins?

<p>Engaging in physical exercise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the brain contribute to our functioning and experiences?

<p>It assembles messages and stores information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of endocrine glands?

<p>To secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is referred to as the 'master gland' and what is its primary role?

<p>Pituitary gland, regulating other glands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition may result from the over secretion of growth hormone?

<p>Giantism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does hyperthyroidism have on an individual?

<p>Increased metabolism and irritability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an under secretion of cortin lead to in males?

<p>Loss of appetite and excessive fatigue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What main hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla?

<p>Adrenaline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the impact of hypothyroidism in adults?

<p>Fatigue and depression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is likely to occur due to iodine deficiency related to thyroid function?

<p>Hyperthyroidism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does adrenaline play in the body?

<p>It prepares the body for physical exertion by increasing strength. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of insulin as secreted by the pancreas?

<p>It regulates the sugar level in the blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the function of gonads?

<p>Testes produce testosterone for male secondary characteristics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily involved in motor function?

<p>Motor homunculus in the frontal lobe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the brain contribute to coordination and balance?

<p>Via interactions in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might happen if there is an excess of insulin in the bloodstream?

<p>The individual may experience extreme weakness and collapse. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What essential function is NOT attributed to the brain?

<p>Circulation of blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does progesterone do in females?

<p>Thickens the uterine wall. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is most closely associated with temporary loss of brain function due to interrupted blood supply?

<p>Transient ischemic attack (TIA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common result of recurrent head trauma?

<p>Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following brain conditions is characterized by a loss of consciousness and memory impairment?

<p>Concussion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism behind ischemic stroke?

<p>Blood clot obstructing blood flow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of headache is often associated with stress and fatigue?

<p>Tension headache (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of a traumatic brain injury?

<p>Paralysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medical examination is NOT typically used for diagnosing brain conditions?

<p>Blood sugar test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of headache can occur as a result of an infection affecting the meninges?

<p>Meningitis headache (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Neuron Cell Body

The central part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and organelles, maintaining the neuron's structure and providing energy.

Dendrites

Branch-like extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons.

Axon

A long, slender projection of a neuron that transmits signals to other cells.

Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps in the myelin sheath of an axon that speed up signal transmission.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Myelin Sheath

Insulating layer around an axon that increases the speed of signal transmission.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Terminal Buttons

Small knobs at the ends of axon branches where signals are transmitted to other cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Synapse

Junction between a neuron's terminal buttons and another cell's dendrites, where signals are transmitted.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glial Cells

Support cells in the nervous system that provide support, insulation, and nutrition to neurons.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Human Nervous System

A complex network of nerves and cells carrying messages to and from the brain, spinal cord, and body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neuron

A nerve cell that carries nerve impulses (messages).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neuron Function

Receiving and transmitting information throughout the body, including sensory input and signals to muscles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Amitotic Neuron

A neuron that cannot be replaced if destroyed; it doesn't reproduce.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Soma (Cell Body)

The central part of a neuron, containing the nucleus and responsible for the neuron's nourishment and maintenance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nervous System Components

The nervous system is divided into the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neuron Structure

Neurons have distinct parts, including the soma, dendrites, and axon, that work together to transmit signals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neuron as a Machine

A neuron is a specialized machine converting energy into nerve impulses; The entire human body is a machine converting food energy into bodily function.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Endorphins

Compounds released during exercise, excitement, pain, and sex, causing feelings of well-being or euphoria.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sensory Neurons

Carry signals from sense organs to the brain and spinal cord.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Motor Neurons

Carry signals from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Interneurons

Carry signals between sensory and motor neurons.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Central Nervous System

The brain and spinal cord.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Brain

The part of the CNS that controls thought, memory, speech, and body functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Spinal Cord

The part of the CNS that transmits signals between the brain and body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nerve Impulse Transmission

The ability of a neuron to respond to a stimulus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Exocrine Glands

Glands that release secretions through ducts to the body surface.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Endocrine Glands

Glands that release secretions, called hormones, directly into the bloodstream.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pituitary Gland

Master gland; controls other endocrine glands.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Growth Hormone

Pituitary hormone; controls body growth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Thyroid Gland

Gland that controls metabolism, located near the throat.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Thyroxin

Thyroid hormone that controls basal metabolism.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Adrenal Glands

Located above kidneys; has cortex and medulla; involved in stress response/other functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Adrenaline

Adrenal medulla hormone; crucial in emotional responses (Fight-or-flight).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Adrenaline's Role

Adrenaline prepares the body for 'fight or flight' by increasing muscular strength and resistance to fatigue.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pancreas: Blood Sugar Control

The pancreas secretes insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Insulin Deficiency

Low insulin leads to high blood sugar as cells can't use sugar properly, possibly causing diabetes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Excess Insulin

Too much insulin leads to rapid sugar use, causing weakness, sweating, and potentially collapse.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Testes: Male Hormones

The testes produce testosterone, responsible for male secondary sex characteristics.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ovaries: Female Hormones

Ovaries secrete estrogen for female characteristics and progesterone for uterine preparation during pregnancy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Brain: Motor Control

The motor homunculus in the frontal lobe controls body movement via messages to the spinal cord.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Brain: Coordination and Balance

Balance and coordination involve multiple pathways in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are visual-spatial skills?

The ability to think about objects in three dimensions, like mentally rotating them or imagining their shapes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does analytical reasoning involve creativity?

Creativity often involves breaking down problems, analyzing them, and finding new ways to solve them logically.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What does it mean to 'think outside the box'?

It means to come up with creative solutions by not limiting yourself to traditional approaches or assumptions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?

A brief interruption of blood flow to the brain, causing temporary loss of function. It's like a mini-stroke, but the effects resolve quickly.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a stroke?

Brain damage due to an interruption of blood flow. This can be caused by a blood clot or a bleed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What's the difference between an ischemic stroke and a hemorrhagic stroke?

An ischemic stroke is caused by a blood clot blocking an artery, while a hemorrhagic stroke is caused by a bleed in the brain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are common stroke risk factors?

Factors that increase your chances of stroke, including heart disease, high blood pressure, and brain aneurysms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How can head trauma affect the brain?

Injuries to the head can cause bleeding, fractures, bruises, and even death, leading to problems like vision loss, paralysis, and cognitive decline.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Introduction

  • The human nervous system converts energy from food into bodily actions.
  • Researchers examine the functions of different brain parts.
  • The nervous system comprises the central and peripheral nervous systems.

The Human Nervous System

  • Complex network of nerves and cells that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord.
  • The system includes the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Neuron

  • Nerve cells (neurons) carry nerve impulses.
  • Neurons are specialized and do not reproduce.
  • If a neuron is destroyed, it cannot be replaced.
  • Neurons transmit information throughout the body, including sensory input and signals from the brain to muscles.

Parts of the Neuron

  • Soma (cell body): Contains the nucleus and is responsible for the neuron's life.
  • Dendrites: Short fibers that receive information from other neurons.
  • Axon: Long extension that transmits messages to other cells.
  • Nodes of Ranvier: Microscopic gaps in myelinated axons that speed up action potential propagation.
  • Myelin sheath: Protective coating that speeds up nerve impulse conduction.
  • Terminal buttons: Small knobs at the ends of axon branches to form synapses.
  • Synapse: Junction between the terminal buttons of one neuron and dendrites of another.
  • Glia: Cells that surround and support neurons and provide insulation between them.

Neurotransmitters

  • The table displays various neurotransmitters and their functions.

Divisions of Nervous System

  • Central nervous system (CNS): Brain and spinal cord. Interprets and stores information.
  • Peripheral nervous system (PNS): Connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body; carries information and controls movement.
    • Autonomic nervous system: Automatically regulates glands, internal organs, blood vessels.
      • Sympathetic division: Prepares body for stress.
      • Parasympathetic division: Maintains body functions in ordinary times.
    • Somatic nervous system: Carries sensory information and controls skeletal muscles.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

  • Brain: The seat of consciousness and higher mental processes.
  • Spinal cord: Main pathway for sensory and motor impulses between the brain and the body.

Parts of the Brain

  • Cerebral cortex: The outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres. Important part of human cognition.
    • Frontal lobes: Personality, judgment, planning.
    • Parietal lobes: Interpretation of language, touch, pain.
    • Temporal lobes: Memory, understanding language.
    • Occipital lobes: Visual processing.
  • Limbic system: Involved in self-preservation, learning, memory, emotions, and pleasure, located between the central core and cerebral cortex.
  • Central core: Innermost structure; contains the medulla (regulates heartbeat and breathing), pons (coordinates muscle movement), reticular formation (arouses the body and screens stimuli for sleep), and thalamus (a relay station for sensory input). Hypothalamus: Maintains homeostasis. Cerebellum: Balance and coordination of voluntary movements.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

  • Somatic nervous system: Controls voluntary movements.
  • Autonomic nervous system: Regulates involuntary functions (heart rate, digestion).

Endocrine System

  • Glands that secrete hormones.
  • Pituitary gland: "Master gland" that regulates other glands.
  • Thyroid gland: Controls metabolism.
  • Adrenal glands: React to stressful situations.
  • Pancreas: Regulates blood sugar.
  • Gonads (testes and ovaries): Produce hormones related to secondary sexual characteristics.

Common Conditions

  • Headaches, Traumatic brain injury, Concussion, Transient ischemic attack (TIA), Stroke, brain aneurysm, Dementia, Multiple sclerosis, Epilepsy, Meningitis or encephalitis, Brain tumors.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Biopsychology PDF

Description

This quiz covers the structure and function of the human nervous system, focusing on neurons and their components. Explore how the nervous system processes information and the roles of the central and peripheral systems. Test your knowledge on how nerve impulses work.

More Like This

The Ultimate Human Brain Quiz
10 questions

The Ultimate Human Brain Quiz

InventiveHawkSEye avatar
InventiveHawkSEye
Nervous System Anatomy Quiz
5 questions

Nervous System Anatomy Quiz

LucidElation avatar
LucidElation
Central Nervous System Overview
8 questions

Central Nervous System Overview

AmazingSanity619 avatar
AmazingSanity619
Human Biology: Central Nervous System
45 questions

Human Biology: Central Nervous System

SimplerPlatinum798 avatar
SimplerPlatinum798
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser