Biology Chapter: Structure and Function of DNA
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Questions and Answers

What is the structure of DNA?

DNA is a double-stranded helix, each long strand is made up of monomers called nucleotides. Each nucleotide has three parts: phosphate group, sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

What is the monomer or subunit of DNA called?

Nucleotides

Describe the Base-Pairing Rule (Chargaff's Rule).

Adenine pairs with Thymine and Guanine pairs with Cytosine.

When following the base-pairing rule, the nitrogen bases are held together by what kind of weak bond?

<p>Weak hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the backbone of a DNA molecule composed or made up of?

<p>Alternating sugar and phosphate groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does DNA replication occur?

<p>It occurs in the S-phase of interphase before cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does DNA replication occur?

<p>To ensure each new cell gets the correct amount of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the end products of DNA replication?

<p>2 identical DNA molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define transcription.

<p>Making mRNA from DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does transcription occur and why?

<p>In the nucleus, because DNA cannot leave the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define translation.

<p>Using mRNA to build protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does translation occur and why?

<p>In the cytoplasm, mRNA meets up with ribosome and tRNA to carry out translation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The end result of protein synthesis is a strand of _______, which are held together by ________.

Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of DNA?

<p>DNA is a double-stranded helix, each long strand is made up of monomers called nucleotides. Each nucleotide has 3 parts: phosphate group, sugar, and a nitrogenous base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the monomer or subunit of DNA called?

<p>Nucleotides are the monomer of DNA. They are made of a 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base bound to the sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the Base-Pairing Rule (Chargaff's Rule).

<p>Adenine pairs with Thymine and Guanine pairs with Cytosine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When following the base-pairing rule, the nitrogen bases are held together by what kind of weak bond?

<p>Weak hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the backbone of a DNA molecule composed or made up of?

<p>Alternating sugar and phosphate groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does DNA replication occur?

<p>It occurs in the S-phase of interphase before cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does DNA replication occur?

<p>To ensure each new cell gets the correct amount of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication?

<p>Helicase and DNA Polymerase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the end products of DNA replication?

<p>2 identical DNA molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define transcription.

<p>Making mRNA from DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does transcription occur and why?

<p>In the nucleus, because DNA cannot leave the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define translation.

<p>Using mRNA to build protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does translation occur and why?

<p>In the cytoplasm, because mRNA meets up with ribosome and tRNA to carry out translation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The end result of protein synthesis is a strand of ________, which are held together by ________.

Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of DNA?

<p>DNA is a double-stranded helix made up of monomers called nucleotides, consisting of a phosphate group, sugar, and a nitrogenous base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the monomer or subunit of DNA called?

<p>Nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the Base-Pairing Rule (Chargaff's Rule).

<p>Adenine pairs with Thymine and Guanine pairs with Cytosine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When following the base-pairing rule, the nitrogen bases are held together by what kind of weak bond?

<p>Weak hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the backbone of a DNA molecule composed or made up of?

<p>Alternating sugar and phosphate groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does DNA replication occur?

<p>In the S-phase of interphase before cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does DNA replication occur?

<p>To ensure each new cell gets the correct amount of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the enzymes involved in DNA replication and their roles.

<p>Helicase (H) separates or unzips DNA, DNA Polymerase (DNAP) adds new nitrogen bases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the end products of DNA replication?

<p>2 identical DNA molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define transcription.

<p>Making mRNA from DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does transcription occur and why?

<p>In the nucleus, because DNA cannot leave the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define translation.

<p>Using mRNA to build protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does translation occur and why?

<p>In the cytoplasm, because mRNA meets ribosomes and tRNA to carry out translation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The end result of protein synthesis is a strand of ______, which are held together by ______.

Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Structure and Composition of DNA

  • DNA has a double-stranded helical structure formed by nucleotides.
  • Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine).
  • The backbone of DNA is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups.

Base-Pairing and Bonding

  • According to Chargaff's Rule, adenine pairs with thymine, while guanine pairs with cytosine.
  • The nitrogen bases are interconnected by weak hydrogen bonds.

DNA Replication

  • DNA replication occurs during the S-phase of interphase before cell division to ensure accurate DNA distribution to new cells.
  • The process involves two main enzymes: helicase, which unzips the DNA, and DNA polymerase, which adds new nitrogen bases to complement the original strands.
  • The end products of DNA replication are two identical DNA molecules.

Transcription and Translation

  • Transcription is the process of synthesizing mRNA from a DNA template, occurring in the nucleus due to DNA’s inability to leave this compartment.
  • Translation refers to using mRNA to construct proteins and occurs in the cytoplasm where mRNA interacts with ribosomes and tRNA.
  • The result of protein synthesis is a chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

Codons and Mutations

  • A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid.
  • Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that can alter codons and subsequently change the amino acids added during protein synthesis.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of DNA structure, replication, transcription, and translation. Understand the components of DNA, the base-pairing rules, and the processes that ensure accurate genetic information transfer. Test your knowledge on these critical biological processes.

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