Biology Chapter Review

Biology Questions

• Cell Biology
  • Cell membrane: semi-permeable, phospholipid bilayer
  • Cell organelles: nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes
  • Cellular respiration: aerobic, anaerobic, glycolysis, krebs cycle
• Genetics
  • Mendel's laws: segregation, independent assortment, dominance
  • DNA structure: double helix, nucleotides, base pairing
  • Gene expression: transcription, translation, mutation
• Evolution
  • Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection
  • Speciation: geographic, reproductive isolation
  • Fossil record: evidence for evolution
• Ecology
  • Ecosystems: producers, consumers, decomposers
  • Food chains, food webs, energy pyramids
  • Biodiversity: species, ecosystem, gene diversity

Chemistry Questions

• Inorganic Chemistry
  • Periodic table: groups, periods, blocks
  • Chemical bonding: ionic, covalent, metallic
  • Acids and bases: pH, pOH, Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry
• Organic Chemistry
  • Functional groups: hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino
  • Isomerism: structural, stereoisomers
  • Organic reactions: substitution, elimination, addition
• Physical Chemistry
  • Thermodynamics: laws, systems, processes
  • Kinetics: rate of reaction, catalysts
  • Electrochemistry: cells, electrolysis, corrosion

Physics Questions

• Mechanics
  • Kinematics: motion, velocity, acceleration
  • Dynamics: force, Newton's laws, energy, work
  • Rotational motion: torque, moment of inertia
• Thermodynamics
  • Temperature, heat, internal energy
  • Laws of thermodynamics: zeroth, first, second, third
  • Thermodynamic processes: isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric
• Electromagnetism
  • Electric charges, fields, potential
  • Electric circuits: resistance, capacitance, inductance
  • Magnetism: magnetic fields, forces, induction

Biology Notes

Cell Biology

• Cell membrane is semi-permeable and composed of a phospholipid bilayer
• Cell organelles:
  • Nucleus: contains genetic material
  • Mitochondria: site of cellular respiration
  • Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
  • Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes
• Cellular respiration:
  • Aerobic: occurs in presence of oxygen
  • Anaerobic: occurs in absence of oxygen
  • Glycolysis: first step of cellular respiration
  • Krebs cycle: second step of cellular respiration

Genetics

• Mendel's laws:
  • Segregation: alleles separate during gamete formation
  • Independent assortment: alleles for different genes separate independently
  • Dominance: one allele can mask the effect of another
• DNA structure:
  • Double helix model
  • Nucleotides: building blocks of DNA
  • Base pairing: A-T and G-C
• Gene expression:
  • Transcription: DNA to RNA
  • Translation: RNA to protein
  • Mutation: change in DNA sequence

Evolution

• Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection
• Speciation:
  • Geographic isolation: species can evolve into new species
  • Reproductive isolation: species can evolve into new species
• Fossil record: provides evidence for evolution

Ecology

• Ecosystems:
  • Producers: organisms that make their own food
  • Consumers: organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms
  • Decomposers: organisms that break down dead organic matter
• Food chains and food webs: show energy transfer between organisms
• Energy pyramids: show energy loss between trophic levels
• Biodiversity:
  • Species diversity: variety of species in an ecosystem
  • Ecosystem diversity: variety of ecosystems in an area
  • Gene diversity: variety of genes within a population

Chemistry Notes

Inorganic Chemistry

• Periodic table:
  • Groups: vertical columns
  • Periods: horizontal rows
  • Blocks: categories of elements
• Chemical bonding:
  • Ionic bonds: electrostatic attraction between ions
  • Covalent bonds: sharing of electrons between atoms
  • Metallic bonds: electrostatic attraction between metal ions and sea of electrons
• Acids and bases:
  • pH: measures acidity/basicity
  • pOH: measures basicity/acidity
  • Arrhenius definition: acids produce H+ ions, bases produce OH- ions
  • Bronsted-Lowry definition: acids donate H+ ions, bases accept H+ ions

Organic Chemistry

• Functional groups:
  • Hydroxyl group (-OH): found in alcohols
  • Carboxyl group (-COOH): found in carboxylic acids
  • Amino group (-NH2): found in amines
• Isomerism:
  • Structural isomers: same molecular formula, different bond arrangement
  • Stereoisomers: same molecular formula, same bond arrangement, different 3D arrangement
• Organic reactions:
  • Substitution reactions: one functional group replaces another
  • Elimination reactions: one functional group is removed
  • Addition reactions: one functional group is added to another

Physical Chemistry

• Thermodynamics:
  • Laws:
    • Zeroth law: temperature is a measure of thermal equilibrium
    • First law: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted
    • Second law: entropy always increases in a closed system
    • Third law: entropy approaches a minimum at absolute zero
  • Systems: open, closed, isolated
  • Processes: isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric
• Kinetics:
  • Rate of reaction: measures how fast a reaction occurs
  • Catalysts: substances that speed up reactions without being consumed
• Electrochemistry:
  • Electrochemical cells: devices that convert chemical energy to electrical energy
  • Electrolysis: process of using electrical energy to drive a chemical reaction

Physics Notes

Mechanics

• Kinematics:
  • Motion: change in position over time
  • Velocity: rate of change of position
  • Acceleration: rate of change of velocity
• Dynamics:
  • Force: push or pull that causes motion
  • Newton's laws:
    • First law: objects at rest stay at rest, objects in motion stay in motion
    • Second law: force is equal to mass times acceleration
    • Third law: every action has an equal and opposite reaction
  • Energy: ability to do work
  • Work: transfer of energy from one object to another
• Rotational motion:
  • Torque: rotational force
  • Moment of inertia: resistance to change in rotational motion

Thermodynamics

• Temperature: measures average kinetic energy of particles
• Heat: transfer of energy from one object to another
• Internal energy: total energy of a system
• Laws of thermodynamics:
  • Zeroth law: temperature is a measure of thermal equilibrium
  • First law: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted
  • Second law: entropy always increases in a closed system
  • Third law: entropy approaches a minimum at absolute zero
• Thermodynamic processes:
  • Isothermal: occurs at constant temperature
  • Adiabatic: occurs without heat transfer
  • Isobaric: occurs at constant pressure

Electromagnetism

• Electric charges:
  • Positive: proton
  • Negative: electron
• Electric fields:
  • Electric potential: measures electric field strength
  • Electric potential difference: measures voltage
• Electric circuits:
  • Resistance: opposition to flow of electric current
  • Capacitance: ability to store electric charge
  • Inductance: ability to store magnetic energy
• Magnetism:
  • Magnetic fields: created by moving charges
  • Magnetic forces: created by magnetic fields
  • Electromagnetic induction: creation of electric current by changing magnetic field

Test your knowledge of biology with this quiz covering cell biology, genetics, and evolution. Topics include cell structure, cellular respiration, Mendel's laws, DNA structure, and gene expression.