Cell Biology, Genetics, and Evolution Quiz

Cell Theory
- All living organisms are composed of cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of life.
- All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Types of Cells
- Prokaryotic: Simple, no nucleus (e.g., bacteria).
- Eukaryotic: Complex, with a nucleus (e.g., plants, animals).
Cell Organelles
- Nucleus: Contains genetic material.
- Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, energy production.
- Ribosomes: Protein synthesis.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum: Synthesizes proteins (rough) and lipids (smooth).
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins.

DNA Structure
- Double helix made of nucleotides (A, T, C, G).
- Base pairing: A-T, C-G.
Gene Expression
- Transcription: DNA to mRNA.
- Translation: mRNA to protein.
Inheritance Patterns
- Mendelian: Dominant and recessive traits.
- Non-Mendelian: Incomplete dominance, codominance, polygenic traits.

Natural Selection
- Survival of the fittest; organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce.
Speciation
- The process by which new species arise.
- Can occur through allopatric (geographic) or sympatric (same area) mechanisms.

Levels of Organization
- Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biome, Biosphere.
Biomes
- Terrestrial: Forests, deserts, grasslands.
- Aquatic: Freshwater, marine.
Energy Flow
- Trophic levels: Producers → Primary consumers → Secondary consumers → Tertiary consumers.
- Energy decreases as it moves up the food chain.

Organ Systems
- Circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, muscular, skeletal, endocrine, immune, and reproductive systems.
Homeostasis
- The process of maintaining a stable internal environment.
Cellular Respiration
- Process of converting glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP), producing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.

Bacteria
- Prokaryotic organisms; can be beneficial (e.g., gut flora) or pathogenic.
Viruses
- Non-living entities that require a host to replicate; can cause diseases.
Fungi
- Eukaryotic organisms that decompose organic material; can be beneficial (e.g., antibiotics) or harmful (e.g., infections).

Photosynthesis
- Process in which plants convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose).
- Occurs in chloroplasts; equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
Plant Structures
- Roots: Absorb water and nutrients.
- Stems: Support and transport.
- Leaves: Site of photosynthesis.

Innate Behavior
- Instinctive actions that are genetically inherited (e.g., reflexes).
Learned Behavior
- Behaviors acquired through experience (e.g., conditioning).
Social Behavior
- Interactions among individuals; can include cooperation, competition, and mating rituals.

Cell Theory outlines that all living organisms consist of cells, which serve as the fundamental unit of life, and all cells originate from existing cells.
Types of Cells:
- Prokaryotic cells are simple and lack a nucleus, exemplified by bacteria.
- Eukaryotic cells are complex with a defined nucleus, found in plants and animals.
Cell Organelles:
- The nucleus houses genetic material, essential for inheritance and cellular function.
- Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for generating energy.
- Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis, translating genetic instructions into proteins.
- The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) has two forms: rough ER synthesizes proteins, while smooth ER is involved in lipid production.
- The Golgi Apparatus modifies and packages proteins for secretion or delivery to appropriate destinations.

DNA has a double helix structure formed by nucleotides denoted by the bases adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G), with specific base pairing (A-T, C-G).
Gene Expression involves:
- Transcription, which converts DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA).
- Translation, where mRNA is used to synthesize proteins.
Inheritance Patterns:
- Mendelian inheritance focuses on dominant and recessive traits.
- Non-Mendelian inheritance includes incomplete dominance, co-dominance, and traits controlled by multiple genes (polygenic traits).

Natural Selection emphasizes that organisms best suited to their environment have better survival and reproductive success.
Speciation is the formation of new species, occurring through:
- Allopatric mechanisms, where geographic barriers lead to species divergence.
- Sympatric mechanisms, where new species evolve within the same geographic area.

Levels of Organization in ecology encompass organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, and biosphere.
Biomes can be classified into terrestrial systems such as forests, deserts, and grasslands, and aquatic environments including freshwater and marine.
Energy Flow through ecosystems follows trophic levels: producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers, with energy loss at each level as it ascends the food chain.

The body contains multiple organ systems: circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, muscular, skeletal, endocrine, immune, and reproductive systems, all working in harmony.
Homeostasis is crucial for maintaining a stable internal environment despite external changes.
Cellular Respiration converts glucose and oxygen into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), releasing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.

Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms that can have beneficial roles, such as aiding digestion, or be pathogenic, causing diseases.
Viruses are non-living entities that require a host to replicate and can lead to various diseases.
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that break down organic material and can be beneficial (like antibiotic production) or harmful (such as causing infections).

Photosynthesis is the process where plants convert light energy into chemical energy, specifically glucose. It occurs in chloroplasts, represented by the equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
Plant Structures include:
- Roots that absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
- Stems that provide support and facilitate transport of nutrients and water.
- Leaves serve as the main site for photosynthesis, capturing sunlight for energy conversion.

Innate Behavior consists of instinctual actions obtained through genetics, such as reflexes.
Learned Behavior develops through experiences and interactions, including various forms of conditioning.
Social Behavior includes interactions among individuals, potentially encompassing cooperation, competition, and mating rituals.