Biology Chapter: Reproduction
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?

  • Sexual reproduction produces clones, while asexual does not.
  • Asexual reproduction requires courts and displays, while sexual does not.
  • Asexual reproduction involves gametes, while sexual does not.
  • Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes, while asexual does not. (correct)

Why is sexual reproduction considered to be costly?

  • It allows for rapid population growth.
  • It requires attracting and finding mates. (correct)
  • It results in offspring with identical genetic material.
  • It minimizes genetic diversity.

Which of the following is an advantage of sexual reproduction?

  • Increased simplicity in reproductive structures.
  • Lower energy expenditure in mating.
  • Ability to purge accumulated mutations. (correct)
  • Immediate production of genetically identical offspring.

What does the Red Queen hypothesis suggest about sexual reproduction?

<p>It promotes advantages in fighting pathogens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one cost associated with meiosis in sexual reproduction?

<p>Parents contribute only half the number of genes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does not contribute to the costs of sexual reproduction?

<p>Genetic diversity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mating system involves a male forming a long-term bond with multiple females?

<p>Polygyny (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of asexual reproduction?

<p>Production of spores or clones from a single individual. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of reproduction, what does 'selfing' refer to?

<p>Pollen fertilizing its own ovules in plants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which mating system do individuals seek to find as many mates as possible without forming pair bonds?

<p>Promiscuity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do females typically choose mates in most mating systems?

<p>Males benefit from mating with multiple females. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of monogamous mating systems?

<p>They involve pair-bonds that last long enough to raise offspring. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a mating system where one female mates with multiple males?

<p>Polyandry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common behavior observed in monogamous birds despite their mating system?

<p>Frequent extra-pair copulations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does the rarer sex typically have in a population concerning sex ratio?

<p>Increased mating opportunities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'sexual selection' refer to?

<p>Choosing a mate based on physical traits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of sexual reproduction according to the red queen hypothesis?

<p>Generates offspring that are genetically different from parents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the female function in reproduction?

<p>Produces larger gametes with fewer overall production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes dioecious plants from monoecious plants?

<p>Monoecious plants can have both sexes in the same individual (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what context are organisms termed as hermaphrodites?

<p>They possess both male and female reproductive structures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a sequential hermaphrodite?

<p>Fishes that start as females and later become males (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation do males typically face in reproduction?

<p>The number of female partners they can access for mating (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern with self-fertilization in perfect flowers?

<p>It reduces genetic diversity in offspring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the allocation of gametes in the sexes?

<p>Males generally allocate fewer resources to gamete production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sexual dimorphism?

<p>Phenotypic differences between the sexes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a factor leading to sexual dimorphism due to reproductive function?

<p>Females being larger because they produce larger gametes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hypothesis suggests that extreme male features may signal a superior genotype to females?

<p>Handicap Principle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does male-male competition contribute to sexual dimorphism?

<p>It leads to males developing physical weapons like antlers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Runaway Sexual Selection' hypothesis mainly concerned with?

<p>The mating success of sons inheriting traits from choosy females (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario illustrates the Handicap Principle?

<p>A brightly colored male cannot evade predators easily (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does not contribute to sexual dimorphism?

<p>Equal physical competition among both sexes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes one of the biotic factors that might influence sexual dimorphism?

<p>Predation risk connected to male size (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically a characteristic of promiscuity in mating systems?

<p>Mating with as many partners as possible (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In monogamous mating systems, what is generally true regarding the male's role?

<p>Males typically invest in parental care (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of polygamy as a mating system?

<p>One individual mates with multiple partners (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is sexual selection typically biased towards female choice in most mating systems?

<p>Females benefit from mating with quality males (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'sex ratio' refer to in a population?

<p>The numerical relationship between males and females (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does self-incompatibility affect plant reproduction?

<p>It prevents self-fertilization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit for the rarer sex in a population regarding mating?

<p>Lower competition for mates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of female function in sexual reproduction?

<p>Produces a larger gamete (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is most common in outcrossing plants regarding mating systems?

<p>Promiscuous mating behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about males in sexual reproduction?

<p>Males are often limited by the number of eggs they can fertilize (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reproductive strategy does a dioecious plant exhibit?

<p>Different sexes are found on separate plants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does simultaneous hermaphroditism differ from sequential hermaphroditism?

<p>Simultaneous hermaphrodites function as both male and female at the same time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reproductive characteristic is associated with monoecious plants?

<p>They have both male and female flowers on the same plant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the concept of 'selfing' in plants?

<p>When a plant reproduces by fertilizing its own eggs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of being a hermaphrodite in terms of reproduction?

<p>It increases the chance of finding a mate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation do hermaphroditic organisms face compared to unisexual organisms?

<p>They are limited by resources to raise offspring (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way sexual dimorphism can arise due to reproductive function?

<p>Females are larger than males due to the need for larger gametes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does male-male competition influence sexual dimorphism?

<p>It favors the evolution of larger males or males with weapons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Handicap Principle also known as?

<p>Good Genes Hypothesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under which hypothesis do sons of choosy females tend to do better when they eventually mate?

<p>Runaway Sexual Selection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does selection for extreme male features have according to the Handicap Principle?

<p>It indicates that males can thrive despite disadvantages, reflecting good genes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the main ways sexual dimorphism arises?

<p>Predatory adaptation differences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do larger-bodied males typically fare in contests?

<p>They are generally favored by sexual selection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might influence females' choices in mates according to the hypotheses mentioned?

<p>Exaggerated features indicating good genes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an implication of sexual reproduction in terms of genetic diversity?

<p>It allows for the purging of harmful mutations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the cost of sexual reproduction concerning gene contribution?

<p>Only half the number of genes are contributed through meiosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'selfing' refer to in plant reproduction?

<p>Pollen fertilizing its own ovules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does sexual reproduction contribute to the Red Queen hypothesis?

<p>It produces genetically diverse offspring less susceptible to pathogens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary disadvantage of asexual reproduction compared to sexual reproduction?

<p>Asexual reproduction can lead to accumulation of deleterious mutations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of sexual reproduction?

<p>Greater resource allocation for offspring. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would sexual reproduction be particularly advantageous?

<p>In an environment with rapidly changing biotic factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between sexual reproduction and fitness?

<p>Sexual reproduction may halve fitness due to the cost of meiosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Red Queen Hypothesis

Reproduction provides an advantage in the ongoing struggle against pathogens, promoting genetic variation in offspring, making them less susceptible to diseases.

Sexual Reproduction

A reproductive strategy that creates genetically unique offspring.

Female Reproductive Function

Females produce larger gametes (sperm) and are often limited by the number of gametes they can create and offspring they can raise.

Male Reproductive Function

Males produce smaller gametes (eggs) and are frequently limited by the number of eggs they can fertilize.

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Unisexual

Organisms that are either male or female.

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Hermaphrodite

Organisms with both male and female reproductive functions in one body.

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Monoecious

Plants with both male and female reproductive organs on the same plant.

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Dioecious

Plants with separate male and female plants.

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Cost of Sexual Reproduction

Finding mates, courtship displays, and producing gametes require resources and energy.

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Genetic Diversity

Having different gene combinations, boosting an organism's ability to adapt to changing environments or resist diseases.

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Selfing

A type of sexual reproduction where pollen from a plant fertilizes its own ovules, resulting in the same genes.

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Parthenogenesis

A form of asexual reproduction where offspring develop from unfertilized eggs.

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Vegetative Reproduction

New individuals developing from parts of a parent plant (such as stems or roots).

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Sex ratio

The proportion of males to females in a population.

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Mating systems

Patterns of mating between males and females in a population.

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Promiscuity

Animals seeking many mates with no pair bonds and little or no parenting.

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Polygyny

One male mates with multiple females.

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Polyandry

One female mates with multiple males.

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Monogamy

A long-term pair bond between a male and female to raise offspring.

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Sexual Selection

The process where one sex chooses mates based on certain traits.

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Extra-pair copulation (EPC)

Mating outside the primary pair bond.

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Sexual Dimorphism

Differences in physical traits between males and females of the same species.

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Handicap Principle (Good Genes)

A male's exaggerated traits signal superior genes, despite the difficulty in survival with those traits.

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Runaway Sexual Selection (Sexy Sons)

Female preference for exaggerated traits in males becomes self-reinforcing, even if initially linked to high quality males.

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Secondary Sexual Characteristics

Physical traits that appear in sexually mature individuals and distinguish between the sexes in species.

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Male-Male Competition

A driving force behind sexual dimorphism, where males compete for access to females, leading to larger size or weapons evolution.

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Reproductive Function Dimorphism

Differences in size or traits between sexes, usually due to differences in gamete size or offspring care

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Mate Choice Dimorphism

Females selecting males for traits that signal quality, leading to exaggerated traits in males.

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Benefits of Sexual Reproduction

Sexual reproduction offers advantages such as purging mutations, creating genetic diversity, and providing resistance to pathogens.

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Selfing (in plants)

A type of sexual reproduction where a plant's pollen fertilizes its own ovules, resulting in offspring with identical genes.

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Self-incompatibility

A mechanism preventing self-fertilization in plants. It ensures genetic diversity by requiring pollen from a different individual to fertilize the plant's ovules.

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Sequential hermaphroditism

An organism changing sex during its lifetime. It can be either protandrous (male first) or protogynous (female first).

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Heterostyly

A variation in the length of styles and stamens in flowers, preventing self-pollination. It ensures genetic diversity by requiring pollen from a different type of flower.

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What are three causes of sexual dimorphism?

  1. Differences in reproductive function (e.g., females being larger to produce eggs).
  2. Male-male competition for mates (e.g., larger males with weapons).
  3. Mate choice by females (favoring males with showy traits).
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Handicap Principle

A male with exaggerated features that make him less fit for survival may still be attractive to females. This suggests those features signal superior genes, as he's survived despite the handicap.

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Runaway Sexual Selection

A female preference for exaggerated traits in males becomes self-reinforcing. Even if initially linked to high-quality males, these traits become exaggerated over generations.

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Secondary Sexual Characters

Traits that appear in sexually mature individuals but are not directly involved in reproduction. They often signal mate quality or attractiveness.

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What is an example of a secondary sexual character?

A peacock's tail feathers, used in courtship displays to attract females, are an example of a secondary sexual character.

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How might male-male competition lead to sexual dimorphism?

Males competing for access to females can lead to the evolution of larger body size or weapons, like antlers, to out-compete rivals.

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How does mate choice influence sexual dimorphism?

Females who choose mates based on certain traits can lead to the evolution of those traits in males. This can result in more elaborate or exaggerated features.

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Study Notes

Reproduction

  • Reproduction is the biological process by which organisms create offspring.
  • Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.
  • Asexual reproduction involves the production of spores or reproductive bodies by a single individual, creating clones.
  • Examples of asexual reproduction include vegetative reproduction, where new individuals grow from existing ones, and parthenogenesis where a female can create offspring without the need of a male.
  • Reproduction can be costly depending on the reproduction method

Sexual Reproduction

  • Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes (egg and sperm).
  • This process creates offspring with genetic variation from both parents.
  • The human diploid genome has 23 pairs of chromosomes, including the sex chromosomes X and Y.

Sexual Reproduction Process

  • Sexual reproduction occurs in diploid parents.
  • Meiosis, a type of cell division, reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes (sperm and eggs) to half.
  • Haploid eggs and sperm fuse during fertilization creating a diploid zygote.
  • Mitosis then increases the number of cells in the zygote to create a new diploid organism.

Asexual Reproduction

  • Asexual reproduction produces offspring genetically identical to the parent.
  • Asexual reproduction occurs in many different organisms, including plants, fungi, and bacteria.
  • Vegetative reproduction is a type of asexual reproduction, where new individuals grow from parts of the parent plant.

Parthenogenesis

  • Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction.
  • Whiptail lizards are an example of a species where all individuals reproduce asexually.
  • Some other animals also reproduce through parthenogenesis

Selfing

  • Selfing is a form of asexual reproduction where pollen fertilizes the ovules of the same plant.
  • Self-incompatibility and sequential hermaphroditism are ways plants avoid the problems of selfing.
  • Heterostyly is also a way to prevent selfing.

Cost of Sexual Reproduction

  • Sexual reproduction is energetically costly to organisms.
  • Finding a mate, creating gametes, courtships, and sexual characteristics all increase the cost.
  • Cost of meiosis - parents contribute only half of the genes during sexual reproduction compared to asexual reproduction.
  • Additional costs involved include finding a mate, courtship, maintaining sex organs, and sometimes parental care for offspring.

Sexual Reproduction Benefits

  • Genetic diversity allows populations to adapt to changing environments.
  • It allows the purge of mutations that can accumulate in asexual organisms.
  • Allows offspring greater adaptability to changing environments.

Sex Ratio

  • Sex ratio is the proportion of males and females in a population.
  • The rarer sex often has a fitness advantage, so they reproduce more readily.
  • Can affect the fitness of a population depending on the environment, mating patterns, and overall balance of the sexes in the population.

Mating Systems

  • Mating systems describe the pattern of mating relationships between male and female individuals in a population.
  • Promiscuity is a mating system where individuals mate with multiple partners without long-term bonds.
  • Polygyny is a mating system where one male mates with multiple females.
  • Polyandry is a mating system where one female mates with multiple males.
  • Monogamy is a mating system where a pair bond exists between a male and a female that lasts long enough to raise young.
  • Mating systems vary greatly in different species depending on their biology, environment and resources available.

Sexual Selection

  • Sexual selection describes the characteristics in organisms involved with reproduction.
  • Females generally choose the mate, and often look for characteristics that increase the quality of offspring.
  • Males are often limited in mating opportunities, thus benefit from mating with multiple females.
  • Females are limited by resource availability, thus benefit from mating with quality males.
  • Selection depends greatly on which sex is more limited, resources available, and the potential for investment of offspring.

Sexual Dimorphism

  • Sexual dimorphism describes the phenotypic differences between males and females.
  • Sexual dimorphism arises from reproductive function, male-male competition, and mate choice.
  • Reproductive function can influence size, mate choice can influence the showy phenotypes of males, and male competition influences physical traits needed for competition like size and weaponry.

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Description

Explore the fascinating processes of reproduction, both sexual and asexual, in this quiz. Learn about how organisms create offspring, the genetic variation introduced through sexual reproduction, and the significance of meiosis. Challenge your understanding of these biological concepts and their functions.

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