Biology Chapter: Reproduction and Microscopy
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the eyepiece (ocular lens) in a microscope?

  • Controls the light entering the specimen
  • Supports the base of the microscope
  • Magnifies the image of the specimen (correct)
  • Moves the stage up and down

Asexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes.

False (B)

What should be done to properly clean the microscope lenses?

Use lens paper to clean the eyepiece and objective lenses.

The __________ is responsible for providing illumination in a microscope.

<p>light source</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the parts of the microscope with their functions:

<p>Coarse Adjustment Knob = Moves the stage significantly for focusing Diaphragm = Controls the amount of light entering through the specimen Condenser = Focuses light onto the specimen Base = Supports the microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of sexual reproduction?

<p>Genetic diversity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Asexual reproduction involves two parents.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is involved in asexual reproduction?

<p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitosis produces ____ cells, while meiosis produces ____ cells.

<p>two; four</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of reproduction with their characteristics:

<p>Sexual Reproduction = Involves two parents and genetic diversity Asexual Reproduction = Involves one parent and identical offspring Mitosis = One division producing two identical cells Meiosis = Two divisions producing four genetically unique cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of asexual reproduction?

<p>Bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Meiosis results in diploid cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of asexual reproduction?

<p>Rapid population growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a biome?

<p>Climate, such as temperature and rainfall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Producers take in energy from other organisms to thrive.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one example of a decomposer.

<p>Fungi, bacteria, or worms</p> Signup and view all the answers

An organism that eats primary consumers is called a __________.

<p>secondary consumer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of consumer with its corresponding example:

<p>Primary Consumer = Deer Secondary Consumer = Snake Tertiary Consumer = Hawk Apex Predator = Great White Shark</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do decomposers play in the ecosystem?

<p>They recycle nutrients back into the ecosystem. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The biosphere includes only land ecosystems.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy source for producers?

<p>Sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of energy typically transfers from one trophic level to the next according to the 10% rule?

<p>10% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A food web represents a single feeding relationship in an ecosystem.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of consumers are frogs and snakes in the food web described?

<p>Primary carnivores</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a food chain, the primary producer is typically a __________.

<p>plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following trophic levels with their corresponding energy amounts:

<p>Producers = 20,000 kJ Primary consumers = 2,000 kJ Secondary consumers = 200 kJ Tertiary consumers = 20 kJ Quaternary consumers = 2 kJ</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the ecosystem if bees were to disappear?

<p>Herbivores like deer would struggle to find food. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Energy flow in a food web decreases as it moves up through trophic levels.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ecological insight does an energy pyramid illustrate?

<p>Energy flow between trophic levels and energy loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can happen if deer populations increase excessively?

<p>They might eat all the plants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fewer sharks in the ocean can lead to an increase in algae overgrowth.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a scalar quantity?

<p>A physical quantity that has only magnitude.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Speed and distance are examples of ______ quantities.

<p>scalar</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a vector quantity?

<p>Velocity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their corresponding definitions:

<p>Distance = Total path covered by an object Displacement = Shortest straight-line distance between two points Scalar = Quantity with only magnitude Vector = Quantity with magnitude and direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between distance and displacement?

<p>Distance is the total path covered, while displacement is the shortest straight-line distance including direction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Jean walked 5 km to the east, then south for 3 km, and finally west for 5 km. The total distance she walked is ______ km.

<p>13</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total distance covered by Jean?

<p>16.00 km (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Velocity is a scalar quantity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Anna's average speed for her jog?

<p>6.00 km/h</p> Signup and view all the answers

The average __________ is defined as the rate at which an object changes its position.

<p>velocity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Speed = Scalar quantity that indicates how fast an object covers distance. Velocity = Vector quantity that indicates the rate of change of position. Distance = Total path covered regardless of direction. Displacement = Shortest path from initial to final position, considering direction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

After jogging 4 km east, 2 km west, and 6 km east, what is Anna's resultant displacement?

<p>8.00 km east (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Displacement can be greater than distance.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average velocity of Anna's jog?

<p>4.00 km/h east</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Eyepiece (Ocular Lens)

The lens you look through to magnify the specimen. It typically magnifies 10x or 15x.

Objective Lenses

These lenses provide different levels of magnification, such as 4x, 10x, 40x, and 100x. You rotate the revolving nosepiece to select the desired magnification.

Stage

The flat platform where you place the microscope slide for viewing. It is moved up and down to focus on the specimen.

Coarse Adjustment Knob

This knob makes large adjustments to focus the specimen, moving the stage up and down significantly. Use it with the lowest power lens to get your specimen in view.

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Fine Adjustment Knob

This knob makes fine adjustments to sharpen the focus, only used after initial focusing with the coarse adjustment knob.

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What is the biosphere?

The part of Earth where life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.

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What are producers?

Organisms that make their own food using sunlight (photosynthesis).

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What are consumers?

Organisms that eat other organisms to obtain energy.

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What are primary consumers?

Herbivores that eat producers.

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What are secondary consumers?

Carnivores or omnivores that eat primary consumers.

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What are tertiary consumers?

Predators that eat secondary consumers.

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What are decomposers?

Organisms that break down dead plants, animals, and waste into simpler substances.

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What is a food chain?

A linear sequence showing energy flow between organisms.

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Asexual reproduction

A form of reproduction where one parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to itself by using processes like mitosis, budding, or binary fission.

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Sexual reproduction

A form of reproduction where two parents contribute genetic material to create offspring that are genetically unique.

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Cell division

The process where a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells, essential for growth, development, repair, and reproduction in all living organisms.

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Mitosis

A type of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

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Meiosis

A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This process is essential for sexual reproduction.

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Fertilization

The process of creating genetically unique offspring from two parents by combining their genetic material.

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Genetic makeup

The genetic makeup of an organism, comprising all the genes it possesses. In mitosis, daughter cells have the same genetic makeup as the parent cell.

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Chromosome number

The full set of chromosomes in a cell, typically two sets in diploid organisms (2n) and one set in haploid organisms (n).

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Food Web

A diagram that shows how energy flows through an ecosystem by illustrating the feeding relationships between different organisms. It highlights the interconnectedness of species and demonstrates interdependence within an ecosystem.

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Energy Pyramid

A simplified representation of energy flow within an ecosystem, showing how energy decreases at each trophic level.

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10% Rule

The idea that only around 10% of energy from one trophic level is transferred to the next level, with the rest being lost through processes like respiration, heat, and waste.

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Food Chain

A single path of energy flow through an ecosystem, starting from a producer and moving to a series of consumers, showing a simple relationship between organisms.

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Energy Transfer

The process by which energy is transferred from one organism to another through feeding relationships.

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Energy Efficiency

The total amount of energy available at each trophic level in an ecosystem.

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Trophic Level

The different levels in a food chain or food web, representing the position of organisms based on their feeding habits.

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Apex Predator

Organisms that occupy the highest trophic level in a food chain or web, often having no natural predators.

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Population Imbalance

A change in an organism's population that can lead to imbalances in an ecosystem, such as too many deer eating all the plants or too few sharks allowing fish to overeat algae.

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Scalar

A physical quantity that has only size (magnitude) but no direction. Examples include speed, distance, time, mass, and temperature.

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Vector

A physical quantity that has both size (magnitude) and direction. Examples include velocity, displacement, force, and acceleration.

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Distance

The total path covered by an object, regardless of direction.

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Displacement

The shortest straight-line distance between two points, including direction.

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Velocity

The rate at which an object changes its position. It's a vector quantity indicating both speed and direction.

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Displacement

The change in position of an object over time. It's a vector quantity indicating both the distance and direction of the change.

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Acceleration

The rate at which an object's velocity changes over time. It's a vector quantity involving both magnitude and direction.

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Speed

The rate at which an object changes its position over time, without considering direction.

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Scalar Quantity

A quantity that has only magnitude (size).

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Vector Quantity

A quantity that has both magnitude (size) and direction.

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Average Speed

The total distance traveled divided by the total time taken.

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Average Velocity

The total displacement divided by the total time taken.

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Study Notes

Microscopy Parts and Functions

  • Eyepiece (Ocular Lens): Magnifies the specimen image (usually 10x or 15x).
  • Objective Lenses: Provide various magnification levels (e.g., 4x, 10x, 40x, 100x).
  • Stage: Holds the specimen slide.
  • Coarse Adjustment Knob: Moves the stage significantly to focus on the specimen.
  • Fine Adjustment Knob: Makes small adjustments for sharper focus.
  • Arm: Connects the body tube to the base, used for carrying.
  • Base: Supports the microscope.
  • Light Source: Provides illumination (built-in light or mirror).
  • Diaphragm: Controls the amount of light.
  • Condenser: Focuses light onto the specimen.
  • Nose Piece: Rotates to change objective lenses.

Proper Handling and Storage

  • Always carry the microscope with two hands (one on the arm, the other on the base).
  • Clean eyepieces and objective lenses with lens paper to prevent scratches.
  • Store in a dry, dust-free area with the cover on.
  • Place the lowest objective lens (4x) and lower the stage before storage.

Key Skills

  • Focus on a specimen: Begin with the lowest objective, use coarse adjustment, then higher magnifications with fine adjustment.
  • Adjust lighting: Use diaphragm and condenser for clear visibility.

Reproduction Definition

  • Biological process where organisms create offspring, ensuring species survival.
  • Occurs through sexual or asexual reproduction methods.

Reproduction Importance

  • Maintains species population.
  • Transfers genetic material to the next generation.
  • Allows adaptation and evolution in response to environmental changes.

Differentiating Sexual and Asexual Reproduction

Feature Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction
Number of Parents Two (male and female) One
Offspring Similarity Genetically unique (combination of both parents' DNA) Genetically identical to the parent (clones)
Process Involves meiosis and fertilization Involves mitosis, budding, or binary fission
Examples Animals, humans, flowering plants Bacteria, hydra

Reproduction Importance

  • Sexual reproduction promotes genetic diversity essential for evolution and survival in changing environments.
  • Asexual reproduction enables rapid population growth in stable conditions.

Cell Division Definition

  • Process of a parent cell dividing into two or more daughter cells.
  • Essential for growth, development, repair, and reproduction in all living organisms.

Differentiating Mitosis and Meiosis

Feature Mitosis Meiosis
Purpose Growth, development, repair Sexual reproduction
Number of Divisions One Two
Number of Cells Produced Two Four
Genetic Makeup Identical to parent cell Genetically unique
Chromosome Number Diploid (2n) Haploid (n)

Mitosis Stages

  • Prophase: Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane breaks down.
  • Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's equator.
  • Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
  • Telophase: Nuclear membranes reform around each set of chromosomes.
  • Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides, creating two identical daughter cells.

Meiosis Stages (Meiosis I)

  • Prophase I: Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material (crossing over).
  • Metaphase I: Homologous pairs align at the cell's center.
  • Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate to opposite poles.
  • Telophase I: Nuclear membranes reform, two haploid cells form.
  • Cytokinesis I: Cytoplasm divides.

Meiosis Stages (Meiosis II)

  • Prophase II: Chromosomes prepare for a second division.
  • Metaphase II: Chromosomes align at the cell's equator (in each cell).
  • Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate.
  • Telophase II: Nuclear membranes reform around each set of chromosomes.
  • Cytokinesis II: Cytoplasm divides, producing four genetically unique haploid cells.

Genetic Information Transmission

  • Meiosis creates unique combinations of genes through crossing over and independent assortment, ensuring genetic variety in offspring.
  • Fertilization combines haploid gametes (egg and sperm) creating a diploid zygote with a mix of genetic material from both parents.

Ecological Levels

  • Population: Organism group of same species living in the same area simultaneously.
  • Community: All populations of different species interacting in a specific area.
  • Community: A group of organisms interacting with their non-living environment.

Biomes

  • Large geographic area with comparable climates, plants, and animals.
  • Examples: Tropical rainforest, desert, tundra.

Biosphere

  • Includes all parts of Earth where life exists (land, water, atmosphere).
  • Contains all ecosystems and living organisms on Earth.

Roles of Organisms in Food Web

  • Producers (Autotrophs): Organisms that make their own food (via photosynthesis).
  • Consumers (Heterotrophs): Organisms that eat other organisms for energy; broken down into Primary Consumers (Herbivores), Secondary Consumers (Carnivores), Tertiary consumers, and Apex Predators.
  • Decomposers: Organisms that break down dead plants, animals, and waste, recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem.

Food Chain vs Food Web

  • Food Chain: Linear sequence showing energy flow between organisms.
  • Food Web: Network of interconnected food chains, representing complex feeding relationships within an ecosystem.

Energy Pyramid

  • Graphical representation of energy flow across trophic levels (e.g., producers, consumers).

Outcomes of Population Changes

  • Changes in organisms can lead to significant effects across an ecosystem, affecting both the affected organism and other species within the food web.

Scalar vs Vector

  • Scalar: Has magnitude only (e.g., speed, distance, time).
  • Vector: Has magnitude and direction (e.g., velocity, displacement, force).

Distance vs Displacement

  • Distance: Total path traveled.
  • Displacement: Straight-line distance between the initial and final positions.

Speed vs Velocity

  • Speed: Rate of covering distance.
  • Velocity: Rate of displacement change including direction.

Practical Applications

  • Estimating travel time.
  • Measuring athletic performance.
  • Optimizing delivery routes.

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TERM 2 ETA REVIEWER - Microscopy PDF

Description

Test your understanding of key concepts in biology, focusing on reproduction methods and the functionality of microscopes. This quiz includes questions on both sexual and asexual reproduction and the parts and maintenance of microscopes. Perfect for students looking to solidify their knowledge in these essential topics.

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