Biology Chapter Quiz: Digestion and Speciation

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of salivary amylase in the mouth during digestion?

Breaks down proteins into peptides

Breaks down starch into maltose (correct)

Delivers food to the stomach

Emulsifies fats for easier digestion

What are pre-zygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms?

Conditions favoring hybrid vigor

Processes that occur after hybrid formation

Barriers that prevent fertilization from occurring (correct)

Factors that allow gene flow between species

In which of the following scenarios would allopatric speciation most likely occur?

A population evolves in response to sexual selection

Two populations of a species occupy overlapping territories

A population is divided by a geographic barrier (correct)

Two species hybridize in a common environment

Which of these animal phyla is characterized by a lack of true tissues?

Porifera Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the stomach during digestion?

Chyme is produced from mixing food with gastric juices Signup and view all the answers

Which animal group would be classified under Chordata?

Lancelet Signup and view all the answers

What type of selection is represented by predators influencing the survival of prey?

Natural selection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms describes an area where interbreeding occurs between different species?

Hybrid zone Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary components of a granivore's diet?

High in carbohydrates, with some proteins and lipids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features is characteristic of carnivores?

Shorter digestive tracts due to easier digestibility of animal tissues Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the circulatory process does gas exchange occur?

In the lungs and body tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the left side of the heart?

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the net movement of CO₂ during gas exchange in body tissues?

Moves from cells into blood Signup and view all the answers

Which ions are specifically mentioned as playing roles in physiological processes?

Na^+, K^+, Ca^2+ Signup and view all the answers

What type of teeth would you expect to find in herbivores?

Broad, flat molars for grinding plants Signup and view all the answers

How does a high surface area to volume ratio benefit physiological processes?

It increases the efficiency of gas exchange and nutrient transfer Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary response of liver cells to insulin when blood sugar levels are high?

Stores glucose as glycogen Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for lowering blood sugar levels?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of Glucagon?

Low blood sugar levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall effect of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?

Raises blood calcium levels Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is produced by the thyroid gland to regulate calcium levels?

Calcitonin Signup and view all the answers

What is the target tissue of Calcitonin?

Bones and kidneys Signup and view all the answers

Which option correctly identifies the source tissue and stimulus for Insulin secretion?

Pancreas; High blood sugar levels Signup and view all the answers

During the nephron's process, what role does interstitial osmolarity play as filtrate descends in the loop of Henle?

It drives the movement of water out of the filtrate Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of K-selected life history strategies?

Fewer offspring with high parental care Signup and view all the answers

What does the carrying capacity of a population refer to?

The maximum population size that an environment can sustain Signup and view all the answers

What type of survivorship curve is characterized by constant mortality rate throughout life?

Type II Curve Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes density-independent factors affecting population growth?

Natural disasters impacting the population regardless of size Signup and view all the answers

Exponential growth in a population occurs under which of the following conditions?

Stable environment with abundant resources Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is responsible for converting nitrogen gas into a usable form?

Nitrogen fixation Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines a Type I survivorship curve?

Steep decline in old age with high survival in younger years Signup and view all the answers

What is a common trait associated with r-selected life history strategies?

High number of offspring Signup and view all the answers

What describes Type III mortality patterns?

High mortality early in life with few survivors reaching maturity. Signup and view all the answers

Which population age structure indicates rapid growth?

Broad Base Signup and view all the answers

What role do decomposers play in ecosystems?

They recycle nutrients and release energy as heat. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about Type I life history traits?

They show a gradual decline in survivorship as age increases. Signup and view all the answers

How is energy transferred between primary consumers and secondary consumers?

Secondary consumers eat primary consumers to obtain energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of life tables in population studies?

They summarize population dynamics by combining survivorship and reproduction data. Signup and view all the answers

Which organisms are classified as primary consumers?

Herbivores that eat producers. Signup and view all the answers

Which level of the trophic pyramid represents producers?

Trophic Level 1 Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily prioritized by short-lived species in terms of energy allocation?

Reproduction Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptive trait involves harmless species mimicking toxic species to avoid predation?

Batesian Mimicry Signup and view all the answers

Why do long-lived species tend to delay reproduction?

To allocate energy towards growth and survival Signup and view all the answers

Which predation-avoidance adaptation involves animals blending into their environment?

Camouflage Signup and view all the answers

What influences the survival and lifetime reproductive success of an organism within its habitat?

The balance of energy allocation across growth, maintenance, and reproduction Signup and view all the answers

What role does predation play in community dynamics?

Balances population sizes and species interactions Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of warning coloration as a predation-avoidance adaptation?

Bright colors of poison dart frogs Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation resembles inanimate objects to avoid detection by predators?

Masquerade Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Final Exam Study Guide

The exam covers material from the semester, focusing on key concepts and details.
The exam is 100 points, with 50 questions.
Exam scores will improve lower grade scores, if the exam score is higher than a previous exam.

Science Skills

Define Independent, Dependent, and Controlled Variables:
- Independent variable: the factor manipulated in the experiment (cause/input).
- Dependent variable: the factor measured or observed to see its effect (effect/output).
- Controlled variables: factors kept constant to prevent effects from other variables.
Designing a Simple Experiment: Create an experiment using the plant module labs as an example. Include interpretation of error bars and data analysis.
Interpreting Graphs: Interpret graphs created using Excel, including error bars in plant module labs to accurately evaluate data
Standard Deviation: Define standard deviation and explain its meaning in experimental data.
Role of Statistics: Explain the role played by statistics in scientific experimentation.
P-value Interpretation: Interpret a p-value, low vs. high, and understanding its connection to the null hypothesis in the context of a given scenario. A lower p-value (<0.05) suggests there is strong evidence against your hypothesis, while a higher p-value (>0.05) suggests there is weak evidence against the null hypothesis and outcome is likely to be due to random chance.

Plants

Plant Diversity: Know the key identifying characteristics of different plant groups. Review both lecture and lab information, and the alternation of generations diagram.
Bryophytes (Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts):
- Non-vascular plants (lacking xylem and phloem).
- Gametophyte is the dominant generation.
- Spore reproduction.
- Water is required for fertilization.
Seedless Vascular Plants (Ferns, Horsetails, Club Mosses):
- Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) is present.
- Sporophyte is the dominant generation.
- Spore reproduction.
- Water is required for fertilization.
Gymnosperms (Conifers, Cycads, Ginkgo):
- Vascular tissue is present.
- Sporophyte is the dominant generation.
- Reproduce using seeds (naked seeds).
- Wind dispersal via pollen, no water needed.
Angiosperms (Flowering Plants):
- Vascular tissue is present.
- Sporophyte is the dominant generation.
- Reproduce using seeds enclosed within fruit.
- Flowers attract pollinators to aid in fertilization.
Alternation of Generations: Understand alternation of generations (diagram) – simplified presentation of the process.
- Sporophyte (2n): diploid generation producing haploid spores by meiosis.
- Spores (n): grow into the gametophyte.
- Gametophyte (n): haploid generation producing gametes (sperm and egg) by mitosis.
- Fertilization: sperm and egg fuse to form a diploid zygote, starting the cycle again.
Plant Reproduction and Structure:
- Name the flower parts and seed structures.
- Plant tissue layers - xylem, phloem, dermal, and ground tissues.
- Understand the functions and structures of the three tissue layers in roots, stems, and leaves.
Plant Growth: Explain primary and secondary growth processes.
Plant Nutrition: Describe and understand the mutualisms of rhizobacteria and mycorrhizal fungi with plants.

Animal

Animal Diversity: Identify animals based on key traits.
Animal Digestion and Nutrition: Trace food through the digestive tract, naming the regions, enzymes, what happens in each stage (including locations of digestion/absorption of nutrients/water).
Plant Transport: Describe transpiration and phloem movement.
Plant Hormones and Responses to External Stimuli: Focus on plant hormones and external stimuli, understanding their mechanics.
Evolution:
- Describe natural selection, its pressures.
- Describe the biological species concept.
- Mechanisms for speciation (allopatric and sympatric).
- Interpretation of phylogenetic trees.
- Correctly writing scientific names.

Ecology

Community Ecology: Define community and understand different types of interactions in a community: competition, predation, and symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism)
Identify Interactions and Relationships:
- Determine who benefits or is harmed in each interaction.
- Understand the implications of top-down and bottom-up dynamics on species composition.
- Distinguish between top-down and bottom-up control of species composition within a community.
Keystone Species:
- Define keystone species and their roles in community structure.
- Be able to analyze how each species is affected, and how the removal of a keystone species impacts the structure of a community.
- Example of keystone species in various habitats.
Niche: Define fundamental vs. realized niche.
Trophic Levels and Food Webs:
- Understand trophic levels and how energy flows through a food web.
- Interpret energy flow in food webs.
- Diagram and describe food webs.
Biogeochemical Cycles: Describe and explain carbon and nitrogen cycles, the importance of each cycle, and the stores of each substance
Ecological Succession: Describe primary succession and the mechanisms of soil formation.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts from biology, including digestion processes, reproductive isolation mechanisms, and animal classifications. This quiz will help you understand vital topics such as the function of enzymes and the impact of natural selection on species. Ideal for students preparing for advanced biology exams.