Biology Chapter Quiz: Digestion and Speciation
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of salivary amylase in the mouth during digestion?

  • Breaks down proteins into peptides
  • Breaks down starch into maltose (correct)
  • Delivers food to the stomach
  • Emulsifies fats for easier digestion

What are pre-zygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms?

  • Conditions favoring hybrid vigor
  • Processes that occur after hybrid formation
  • Barriers that prevent fertilization from occurring (correct)
  • Factors that allow gene flow between species

In which of the following scenarios would allopatric speciation most likely occur?

  • A population evolves in response to sexual selection
  • Two populations of a species occupy overlapping territories
  • A population is divided by a geographic barrier (correct)
  • Two species hybridize in a common environment

Which of these animal phyla is characterized by a lack of true tissues?

<p>Porifera (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the stomach during digestion?

<p>Chyme is produced from mixing food with gastric juices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which animal group would be classified under Chordata?

<p>Lancelet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of selection is represented by predators influencing the survival of prey?

<p>Natural selection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms describes an area where interbreeding occurs between different species?

<p>Hybrid zone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary components of a granivore's diet?

<p>High in carbohydrates, with some proteins and lipids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features is characteristic of carnivores?

<p>Shorter digestive tracts due to easier digestibility of animal tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the circulatory process does gas exchange occur?

<p>In the lungs and body tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the left side of the heart?

<p>Pumps oxygenated blood to the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net movement of COâ‚‚ during gas exchange in body tissues?

<p>Moves from cells into blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ions are specifically mentioned as playing roles in physiological processes?

<p>Na^+, K^+, Ca^2+ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of teeth would you expect to find in herbivores?

<p>Broad, flat molars for grinding plants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a high surface area to volume ratio benefit physiological processes?

<p>It increases the efficiency of gas exchange and nutrient transfer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary response of liver cells to insulin when blood sugar levels are high?

<p>Stores glucose as glycogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for lowering blood sugar levels?

<p>Insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of Glucagon?

<p>Low blood sugar levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall effect of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?

<p>Raises blood calcium levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is produced by the thyroid gland to regulate calcium levels?

<p>Calcitonin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the target tissue of Calcitonin?

<p>Bones and kidneys (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option correctly identifies the source tissue and stimulus for Insulin secretion?

<p>Pancreas; High blood sugar levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the nephron's process, what role does interstitial osmolarity play as filtrate descends in the loop of Henle?

<p>It drives the movement of water out of the filtrate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of K-selected life history strategies?

<p>Fewer offspring with high parental care (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the carrying capacity of a population refer to?

<p>The maximum population size that an environment can sustain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of survivorship curve is characterized by constant mortality rate throughout life?

<p>Type II Curve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes density-independent factors affecting population growth?

<p>Natural disasters impacting the population regardless of size (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Exponential growth in a population occurs under which of the following conditions?

<p>Stable environment with abundant resources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is responsible for converting nitrogen gas into a usable form?

<p>Nitrogen fixation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines a Type I survivorship curve?

<p>Steep decline in old age with high survival in younger years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common trait associated with r-selected life history strategies?

<p>High number of offspring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes Type III mortality patterns?

<p>High mortality early in life with few survivors reaching maturity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which population age structure indicates rapid growth?

<p>Broad Base (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do decomposers play in ecosystems?

<p>They recycle nutrients and release energy as heat. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about Type I life history traits?

<p>They show a gradual decline in survivorship as age increases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is energy transferred between primary consumers and secondary consumers?

<p>Secondary consumers eat primary consumers to obtain energy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of life tables in population studies?

<p>They summarize population dynamics by combining survivorship and reproduction data. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organisms are classified as primary consumers?

<p>Herbivores that eat producers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of the trophic pyramid represents producers?

<p>Trophic Level 1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily prioritized by short-lived species in terms of energy allocation?

<p>Reproduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptive trait involves harmless species mimicking toxic species to avoid predation?

<p>Batesian Mimicry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do long-lived species tend to delay reproduction?

<p>To allocate energy towards growth and survival (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which predation-avoidance adaptation involves animals blending into their environment?

<p>Camouflage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What influences the survival and lifetime reproductive success of an organism within its habitat?

<p>The balance of energy allocation across growth, maintenance, and reproduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does predation play in community dynamics?

<p>Balances population sizes and species interactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of warning coloration as a predation-avoidance adaptation?

<p>Bright colors of poison dart frogs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation resembles inanimate objects to avoid detection by predators?

<p>Masquerade (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Granivore Diet

A diet primarily consisting of seeds, which are high in carbohydrates (starches), with some proteins and lipids.

Carnivore Diet

A diet primarily consisting of animal tissues, which are high in proteins and lipids.

Herbivore Digestive Tract

Herbivores have longer digestive tracts, often with a large cecum, to break down tough plant fibers like cellulose.

Carnivore Digestive Tract

Carnivores have shorter digestive tracts because animal tissues are easier to digest.

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Herbivore Teeth

Herbivores have broad, flat molars for grinding plants and reduced canines.

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Carnivore Teeth

Carnivores have sharp canines for tearing meat and pointed premolars and molars for cutting.

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Surface Area to Volume Ratio

A high surface area to volume ratio is beneficial for efficient transfer of molecules, as it allows for greater contact between the substance and the environment.

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Circulatory System's Role in Gas Exchange

The circulatory system transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body and deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs.

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Natural Selection

The process where organisms with traits better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully, passing those favorable traits to their offspring. This leads to gradual changes in a population over generations.

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Selective Pressure

An environmental factor that influences an organism's survival and reproduction. This can be predation, competition for resources, climate, or even mate selection.

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Biological Species Concept

A definition of species based on the ability of individuals to interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Individuals that can successfully reproduce together belong to the same species.

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Pre-zygotic Isolation

A reproductive barrier that prevents mating or fertilization between species. This happens before a zygote, or fertilized egg, is formed.

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Post-zygotic Isolation

A reproductive barrier that occurs after fertilization, preventing a hybrid offspring from developing or being fertile.

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Allopatric Speciation

The formation of new species due to geographic isolation. Populations separated by physical barriers evolve independently, leading to speciation.

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Sympatric Speciation

The formation of new species within the same geographic area. This can happen due to factors like disruptive selection, or mate preference.

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Hybrid Zone

A geographic region where interbreeding occurs between different species. This area can be temporary or last for a long time.

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Counter-current Exchange

A biological process where fluids flow in opposite directions, maximizing the exchange of molecules across a membrane. This creates a gradient that drives the movement of molecules from one fluid to another.

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Gas Exchange in Gills

In gills, counter-current exchange allows efficient oxygen uptake from water and carbon dioxide release into water. Blood flows in one direction, while water flows in the opposite direction, maximizing the concentration difference for diffusion.

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Gas Exchange in Tissues

In tissues, counter-current exchange allows efficient oxygen delivery from blood to tissues and carbon dioxide uptake from tissues to blood. Blood flows in one direction, while the interstitial fluid surrounding tissues flows in the opposite direction, maximizing the concentration differences.

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Loop of Henle and Collecting Duct

In the nephron, the loop of Henle and collecting duct utilize counter-current exchange to create a concentrated interstitial fluid. This high osmolarity drives water reabsorption from the filtrate, leading to concentrated urine production.

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Insulin: Role

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that lowers blood sugar levels by promoting glucose uptake and storage in liver, muscle, and fat cells.

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Glucagon: Role

Glucagon is a hormone produced by the pancreas that raises blood sugar levels by stimulating the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose into the blood.

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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

PTH is a hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that raises blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium release from bones, calcium reabsorption in kidneys, and calcium absorption in the intestines.

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Calcitonin: Role

Calcitonin is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium levels by promoting calcium storage in bones and calcium excretion by kidneys.

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What are the major reservoirs of a nutrient cycle?

The reservoirs are where large quantities of a nutrient are stored. Examples include fossil fuels, wood, and the atmosphere.

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How is nitrogen gas made usable for organisms?

Nitrogen fixation is the process by which nitrogen gas (N2) is converted into a usable form of nitrogen, typically ammonia (NH3) or nitrate (NO3-) by certain microorganisms.

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What is exponential population growth?

Exponential growth occurs when a population increases at a constant rate, doubling in size at regular intervals.

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What is logistic population growth?

Logistic growth is characterized by an initial period of exponential growth followed by a leveling off as the population reaches carrying capacity.

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What is carrying capacity?

The maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain over a long period.

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What are density-dependent limits on population growth?

These factors become more intense as population density increases. Examples include competition for resources, predation, and disease.

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What are density-independent limits on population growth?

These factors affect a population regardless of density. Examples include natural disasters, climate change, and human activities.

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What are the main categories for energy allocation in an organism?

Energy is used for three main purposes: cell maintenance, growth, and reproduction.

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Type I Curve

A survivorship curve where most individuals survive to old age and then die off rapidly. Common in species with high parental care and long lifespans.

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Type II Curve

A survivorship curve where the death rate is relatively constant throughout the organism's life. Common in species with moderate lifespans and parental care.

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Type III Curve

A survivorship curve with high mortality rates early in life. Often seen in species with many offspring and little parental care.

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Broad Base Population

A population age structure with a wide base, indicating a large number of young individuals and rapid population growth.

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Uniform Width Population

A population age structure with a uniform shape, indicating a stable population with equal numbers of individuals in each age group.

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Narrow Base Population

A population age structure with a narrow base, indicating a low birth rate, fewer young individuals, and a possible decline in the population.

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Producers

Organisms that capture solar energy and convert it into chemical energy through photosynthesis. They are the foundation of food webs.

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Detritivores

Organisms that feed on dead organic matter (detritus), breaking it down and releasing nutrients back into the ecosystem.

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Energy Allocation in Life History

Organisms allocate their finite energy budget to different functions (maintenance, growth, reproduction) depending on their life history strategy.

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Fast-Living vs. Slow-Living Strategies

Short-lived species prioritize reproduction, investing heavily in producing many offspring quickly. Long-lived species prioritize maintenance and slower growth, delaying reproduction to maximize future reproductive success.

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Trade-offs in Energy Allocation

Investing heavily in one area, like reproduction, often reduces energy available for other functions like maintenance or growth, influencing survival and reproductive success.

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Predation's Role in Community Dynamics

Predation shapes population sizes and species interactions, maintaining balance in ecosystems. It acts as a selective pressure, driving the evolution of traits that improve survival.

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Camouflage

A predation-avoidance adaptation where prey blends with the environment to avoid detection.

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Toxicity + Warning Coloration

A predation-avoidance adaptation where bright colors signal toxicity to deter predators.

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Batesian Mimicry

A predation-avoidance adaptation where harmless species mimic toxic ones to avoid predation.

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Masquerade

A predation-avoidance adaptation where prey resembles inanimate objects to avoid being seen as prey.

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Study Notes

Final Exam Study Guide

  • The exam covers material from the semester, focusing on key concepts and details.
  • The exam is 100 points, with 50 questions.
  • Exam scores will improve lower grade scores, if the exam score is higher than a previous exam.

Science Skills

  • Define Independent, Dependent, and Controlled Variables:
    • Independent variable: the factor manipulated in the experiment (cause/input).
    • Dependent variable: the factor measured or observed to see its effect (effect/output).
    • Controlled variables: factors kept constant to prevent effects from other variables.
  • Designing a Simple Experiment: Create an experiment using the plant module labs as an example. Include interpretation of error bars and data analysis.
  • Interpreting Graphs: Interpret graphs created using Excel, including error bars in plant module labs to accurately evaluate data
  • Standard Deviation: Define standard deviation and explain its meaning in experimental data.
  • Role of Statistics: Explain the role played by statistics in scientific experimentation.
  • P-value Interpretation: Interpret a p-value, low vs. high, and understanding its connection to the null hypothesis in the context of a given scenario. A lower p-value (<0.05) suggests there is strong evidence against your hypothesis, while a higher p-value (>0.05) suggests there is weak evidence against the null hypothesis and outcome is likely to be due to random chance.

Plants

  • Plant Diversity: Know the key identifying characteristics of different plant groups. Review both lecture and lab information, and the alternation of generations diagram.

  • Bryophytes (Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts):

    • Non-vascular plants (lacking xylem and phloem).
    • Gametophyte is the dominant generation.
    • Spore reproduction.
    • Water is required for fertilization.

  • Seedless Vascular Plants (Ferns, Horsetails, Club Mosses):

    • Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) is present.
    • Sporophyte is the dominant generation.
    • Spore reproduction.
    • Water is required for fertilization.

  • Gymnosperms (Conifers, Cycads, Ginkgo):

    • Vascular tissue is present.
    • Sporophyte is the dominant generation.
    • Reproduce using seeds (naked seeds).
    • Wind dispersal via pollen, no water needed.

  • Angiosperms (Flowering Plants):

    • Vascular tissue is present.
    • Sporophyte is the dominant generation.
    • Reproduce using seeds enclosed within fruit.
    • Flowers attract pollinators to aid in fertilization.

  • Alternation of Generations: Understand alternation of generations (diagram) – simplified presentation of the process.

    • Sporophyte (2n): diploid generation producing haploid spores by meiosis.
    • Spores (n): grow into the gametophyte.
    • Gametophyte (n): haploid generation producing gametes (sperm and egg) by mitosis.
    • Fertilization: sperm and egg fuse to form a diploid zygote, starting the cycle again.

  • Plant Reproduction and Structure:

    • Name the flower parts and seed structures.
    • Plant tissue layers - xylem, phloem, dermal, and ground tissues.
    • Understand the functions and structures of the three tissue layers in roots, stems, and leaves.

  • Plant Growth: Explain primary and secondary growth processes.

  • Plant Nutrition: Describe and understand the mutualisms of rhizobacteria and mycorrhizal fungi with plants.

Animal

  • Animal Diversity: Identify animals based on key traits.
  • Animal Digestion and Nutrition: Trace food through the digestive tract, naming the regions, enzymes, what happens in each stage (including locations of digestion/absorption of nutrients/water).
  • Plant Transport: Describe transpiration and phloem movement.
  • Plant Hormones and Responses to External Stimuli: Focus on plant hormones and external stimuli, understanding their mechanics.
  • Evolution:
    • Describe natural selection, its pressures.
    • Describe the biological species concept.
    • Mechanisms for speciation (allopatric and sympatric).
    • Interpretation of phylogenetic trees.
    • Correctly writing scientific names.

Ecology

  • Community Ecology: Define community and understand different types of interactions in a community: competition, predation, and symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism)
  • Identify Interactions and Relationships:
    • Determine who benefits or is harmed in each interaction.
    • Understand the implications of top-down and bottom-up dynamics on species composition.
    • Distinguish between top-down and bottom-up control of species composition within a community.
  • Keystone Species:
    • Define keystone species and their roles in community structure.
    • Be able to analyze how each species is affected, and how the removal of a keystone species impacts the structure of a community.
    • Example of keystone species in various habitats.
  • Niche: Define fundamental vs. realized niche.
  • Trophic Levels and Food Webs:
    • Understand trophic levels and how energy flows through a food web.
    • Interpret energy flow in food webs.
    • Diagram and describe food webs.
  • Biogeochemical Cycles: Describe and explain carbon and nitrogen cycles, the importance of each cycle, and the stores of each substance
  • Ecological Succession: Describe primary succession and the mechanisms of soil formation.

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BIOL 106 Final Exam Study Guide Fall 2024 PDF

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Test your knowledge on key concepts from biology, including digestion processes, reproductive isolation mechanisms, and animal classifications. This quiz will help you understand vital topics such as the function of enzymes and the impact of natural selection on species. Ideal for students preparing for advanced biology exams.

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