Biology Chapter Quiz: Cell & Human Systems
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Questions and Answers

The ______ is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body.

hemoglobin

Which of these is NOT a digestive enzyme?

  • Lipase
  • Fibrin (correct)
  • Amylase
  • Pepsin

    • In an open circulatory system, blood always remains within vessels.

    False

    What is the name for the buildup of plaque in arteries?

    <p>Atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chamber of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body?

    <p>Left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their correct definitions:

    <p>Diastolic pressure = Pressure when the heart contracts Systolic pressure = Pressure when the heart relaxes Plasma = Liquid portion of blood Platelets = Help clot blood WBC = Carry oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is the main respiratory organ in humans.

    <p>lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The diaphragm relaxes during inhalation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the tiny hair-like structures that move mucus in the respiratory system called?

    <p>Cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle involves DNA replication?

    <p>S Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is the region where sister chromatids are attached.

    <p>centromere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material during meiosis?

    <p>Crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nondisjunction refers to the failure of chromosomes to separate properly during mitosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a large-scale mutation?

    <p>Translocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following genetic disorders with their characteristic features:

    <p>Cystic fibrosis = Affects the lungs and digestive system Down syndrome = Extra chromosome 21 Turner syndrome = One X chromosome and no Y chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A dihybrid cross involves the inheritance of only one trait.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about homozygous and heterozygous traits is correct?

    <p>Homozygous individuals have two identical alleles for a trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Incomplete dominance results in traits that are fully expressed without blending.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for traits that are expressed only in the homozygous state?

    <p>Recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ states that alleles segregate during gamete formation.

    <p>Law of Segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Dominant = Expressed in both homozygous and heterozygous states Codominance = Both alleles are expressed equally Multiple Alleles = More than two allele options for a gene Sex-Linked Traits = Traits associated with genes on sex chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is survival of the fittest?

    <p>A process where individuals better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Analogous structures indicate common ancestry between species.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a clade?

    <p>A group of organisms that includes a common ancestor and all its descendants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of breaking down food into smaller pieces is called ______.

    <p>physical digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of digestion with their correct descriptions:

    <p>Ingestion = Eating Digestion = Breaking down food Absorption = Nutrients absorbed into the bloodstream Egestion = Excreting waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes genetic drift?

    <p>Random changes in allele frequencies in a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Darwin developed the theory of inherited traits based on environmental changes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a phylogeny show?

    <p>The evolutionary history of a species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Structures that have lost most or all of their original function are known as ______ structures.

    <p>vestigial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following scientists with their contributions to evolution:

    <p>Hutton = Earth's processes are slow and continuous Lamarck = Organisms can pass on acquired traits Lyell = Showed that Earth is much older Darwin = Developed the theory of natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mechanisms leads to large evolutionary changes?

    <p>Macroevolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prezygotic barriers occur after fertilization.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of enzymes in the digestive system?

    <p>To speed up chemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The unit of energy provided by food is called a ______.

    <p>calorie</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Binomial Nomenclature refer to?

    <p>A naming system for species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gram Positive bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Archaea and Bacteria?

    <p>Archaea lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls and have unique genetic sequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The scientific classification system includes the following categories: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and ______.

    <p>Species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of bacteria with their shapes:

    <p>Cocci = Spherical Bacilli = Rod-shaped Spirilla = Spiral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of organism uses light for energy but cannot use carbon dioxide as its sole carbon source?

    <p>Photoheterotroph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lytic cycle involves the virus integrating its DNA into the host cell's genome.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which bacteria reproduce asexually by dividing into two identical cells called?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Genetics and Biology Study Notes

    • Terms to Know:

      • Dichotomous Key: Identifies organisms based on a series of choices.
      • Taxonomy: Science of classifying organisms.
      • Binomial Nomenclature: Two-part scientific name (genus and species, italicized).
      • Peptidoglycan: Cell wall component in most bacteria.
      • Gram Positive: Bacteria with thick peptidoglycan walls, retaining stain.
      • Gram Negative: Bacteria with thin peptidoglycan and outer membrane, not retaining stain.
      • Heterotroph: Obtain energy by consuming other organisms.
      • Photoautotroph: Use light energy to synthesize food.
      • Photoheterotroph: Use light for energy, but need other carbon sources
      • Chemoheterotroph: Obtain energy by oxidizing environmental molecules
      • Adaptation: Trait enhancing survival and reproduction.
      • Variation: Differences within a species.
      • Fitness: Ability to survive and reproduce.
      • Clade: Group including a common ancestor and all descendants.
      • Survival of the Fittest: Individuals better adapted survive and reproduce.
      • Homologous Structure: Similar structures in different species, shared ancestry.
      • Analogous Structure: Similar structures in different species, similar functions, but not shared ancestry.
      • Vestigial Structure: Structures with reduced or lost function.
      • Artificial Selection: Human-directed breeding for desired traits.
      • Gene Pool: All genetic diversity in a population.
      • Microevolution: Small-scale changes within a species.
      • Macroevolution: Large-scale changes resulting in new species.
      • Genetic Drift: Random changes in allele frequencies in a population.
      • Bottleneck Effect: Population size reduction.
      • Founder Effect: Small group forms a new population.
      • Speciation: Formation of new species.
      • Coevolution: Two species evolve in response to each other.
      • Mimicry: One species evolves to resemble another.
      • Derived Characteristic: Trait evolved in a clade's recent common ancestor.
      • Prokaryote: Organism without a nucleus.
      • Eukaryote: Organism with a nucleus.
      • Anaerobic: Living without oxygen.
      • Aerobic: Living with oxygen.
      • Convergent Evolution: Unrelated species evolve similar traits.
      • Divergent Evolution: Related species evolve different traits.
      • Phylogeny: Evolutionary history of a species.
      • Bipedal Motion: Walking on two feet.
      • Cumulative Selection: Accumulation of advantageous mutations.
      • Era: Major division of geologic time.
      • Period: Division within an era.
      • Nutrient: Substances for energy, growth & bodily functions.
      • Enzyme: Protein speeding up chemical reactions.
      • Vitamin: Organic compound essential for nutrition.
      • Mineral: Inorganic element needed for body processes.
      • Calorie: Unit of energy in food.
      • Nutraceutical: Food with health benefits.
      • Functional Food: Food with added health benefits.
        • Probiotic: Live beneficial bacteria in food/supplements.
        • Physical Digestion: Food broken into smaller pieces (e.g., chewing).
        • Chemical Digestion: Food broken down into simpler molecules (e.g., enzymes).
        • Bolus: Chewed food ready to swallow.
        • Chyme: Food mixed with digestive juices.
        • Peristalsis: Wave-like muscle contractions.
        • Sphincter: Circular muscles controlling passage.
        • Rugae: Folds in the stomach lining.
        • Villi: Projections absorbing nutrients in the small intestine.
        • Lymph Vessel: Transporting lymph for fat absorption.
        • Bile: Digestive fluid produced by the liver to break down fats.
        • Glycogen: Stored form of glucose.
        • Glucose: Simple sugar for energy.
        • Cellular Respiration: Process converting glucose to energy.
        • Open System: Blood not always contained in vessels (e.g., some invertebrates).
        • Closed System: Blood contained within vessels (e.g., vertebrates).
        • Cardiovascular System: Heart and blood vessels.
        • Hemoglobin: Protein in red blood cells transporting oxygen.
        • Fibrin: Protein involved in blood clotting.
        • Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
        • Diffusion Gradient: Difference in concentration across a space.
        • Lymph: Fluid in lymphatic system.
        • Pacemaker: Regulates heartbeat.
        • Systolic Pressure: Pressure during heart contraction.
        • Diastolic Pressure: Pressure during heart relaxation.
        • Plaque: Buildup in arteries.
        • Cholesterol: Lipid in cell membranes.
        • HDL/LDL: Types of cholesterol (good/bad).
        • Blood Pressure: Force of blood against artery walls.
        • Plasma: Liquid portion of blood, mostly water.
        • RBC (Erythrocytes): Carry oxygen.
        • WBC (Leukocytes): Fight infection.
        • Platelets: Helper in blood clotting.
        • Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart.
        • Veins: Carry blood to the heart.
        • Capillaries: Exchange substances with tissues.

    • Respiratory System:

      • Gills: Respiratory organ in fish.
      • Tracheal Systems: Found in insects.
      • Lungs: Main respiratory organs in humans
      • Cilia: Hair-like structures moving mucus

    • Cell Cycle, Mitosis & Meiosis:

      • DNA: Molecule holding genetic information.
      • Chromosome: DNA and protein structures holding genetic info.
      • Nucleosome: DNA wrapped around histones.
      • Nucleotide: Building block of DNA & RNA.
      • Histone: Protein DNA wraps around.
      • Purine: A & G, two-ring nitrogenous bases.
      • Pyrimidine: T, C, U, single-ring nitrogenous bases.
      • Centromere: Chromosome attachment point for sister chromatids.
      • Spindle Fibre: Separates chromosomes during cell division.
      • Centrioles: Organize spindle fibers.
      • Equatorial Plate: Plane where chromosomes align in metaphase.

    • Mendelian Genetics:

      • Monohybrid: Cross involving one trait.
      • Dihybrid: Cross involving two traits.
      • Test Cross: Determining genotype of dominant phenotype.
      • Phenotype: Observable trait.
      • Genotype: Genetic makeup.
      • Homozygous: Two identical alleles.
      • Heterozygous: Two different alleles.
      • Incomplete Dominance: Blend of traits in heterozygotes.
      • Sex-Linked Traits: Traits on sex chromosomes.
      • Codominance: Both alleles are fully expressed.
      • Multiple Alleles: More than two alleles for a gene.
      • Recessive: Expressed only in homozygous condition.
      • Dominant: Expressed in both homozygous and heterozygous.

    Additional Notes

    • Bacteria: classified by shape (cocci, bacilli, spirilla), arrangement and cell wall structure (Gram positive/negative), respiration type (aerobes/anaerobes) and nutritional mode (autotrophs/heterotrophs).

    • Bacteria Reproduction: Asexual (binary fission), and genetic exchange (conjugation).

    • Viruses: Non-living, composed of a protective protein coat and genetic material (DNA or RNA). Reproduce by infecting host cells. Distinguished by lytic (immediate reproduction and cell lysis) or lysogenic (latent infection) cycle replication strategies.

    • Organism Variation: The variation in organisms exists globally (similar environments, different species), locally (different habitats within a region, different species), and over time (fossil record).

    • Scientists' Contributions: Key figures (Hutton, Lyell, Lamarck, Darwin) and their contributions to evolutionary thought.

    • Evidence for Evolution: Fossils, biogeography, comparative anatomy, molecular biology, and embryology are considered evidence for evolution.

    • Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: A theoretical model of genetic equilibrium in populations requiring no mutation, random mating, no gene flow, infinite population size, and no selection, which is rarely observed in real-world populations.

    • Microevolution Mechanisms: Natural Selection (stabilizing, directional, disruptive), Sexual Selection, and Genetic Drift.

    • Reproductive Barriers: Pre-zygotic (temporal isolation) and Post-zygotic (hybrid infertility).

    • Evolutionary Patterns: Convergent (unrelated species evolve similar traits), Divergent (related species evolve different traits), Gradualism (slow, steady change) and Punctuated Equilibrium (rapid change after long periods of stability).

    • Geologic Time Scale: Eras and periods, currently in the Cenozoic Era and the Quaternary Period.

    • Cladogram: Diagram showing evolutionary relationships based on shared derived characteristics.

    • Human Evolution: Evolution from primates, including stages like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens.

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    Test your knowledge on various biological concepts related to cell biology and human systems with this quiz. Covering topics from respiration to genetics, this quiz will challenge your understanding of important definitions and processes. Perfect for students studying biology at any level.

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