Biology Chapter: Proteins and Translation
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of mRNA in the process of translation?

  • To transport amino acids to the ribosome
  • To act as a catalyst for protein synthesis
  • To carry the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome (correct)
  • To provide the template for DNA replication

    • Which of the following is NOT a known function of proteins within a cell?

  • Structural support
  • Energy storage (correct)
  • Transport of molecules
  • Regulation of cellular processes

    • What is the key difference in structure between tRNA and rRNA?

  • tRNA has a cloverleaf shape, while rRNA has a linear structure
  • tRNA is found in the nucleus, while rRNA is found in the cytoplasm
  • tRNA is involved in transcription, while rRNA is involved in translation
  • tRNA carries amino acids, while rRNA is a structural component of ribosomes (correct)

    • Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the process of translation?

    <p>Initiation, elongation, termination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed between amino acids during protein synthesis?

    <p>Peptide bond (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins?

    <p>Cellulose Synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure of a protein?

    <p>The linear sequence of amino acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many codons are there in the genetic code?

    <p>64 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a sense codon and a stop codon?

    <p>Sense codons code for amino acids, while stop codons signal the end of translation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the genetic code being degenerate?

    <p>It allows for multiple codons to specify the same amino acid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of eEF2 in protein synthesis?

    <p>It aids in the translocation of the ribosome along the mRNA. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of eRF1 during termination of protein synthesis?

    <p>It recognizes the stop codon. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during translocation in the ribosome?

    <p>The ribosome moves in the 5’ to 3’ direction along the mRNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a termination codon is reached during protein synthesis?

    <p>The A site is left empty. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule mediates the cleavage of the tRNA-polypeptide bond in a GTP-dependent manner?

    <p>eRF3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which codons are considered termination codons in protein synthesis?

    <p>UAA, UAG, UGA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Transport specific amino acids to the ribosome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural commonality shared by transfer RNAs?

    <p>They contain a shared CCA sequence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information does the 'S' in Svedberg unit provide about ribosomal RNA?

    <p>The size based on sedimentation speed during centrifugation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the genetic code's universality benefit biologists?

    <p>It allows genes to be transcribed and translated between different species (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What size is the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in humans compared to that in yeast?

    <p>28S in humans, 26S in yeast (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the process of translation occur in relation to mRNA?

    <p>After mRNA is transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about ribosomes?

    <p>Ribosomes contain approximately 80% of the total RNA in a cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the order of stages in the translation process?

    <p>tRNA charging, Initiation, Elongation, Termination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of the initiation toolkit for translation?

    <p>Charged tRNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mediates the recognition of tRNA by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases?

    <p>The nucleotide sequence of tRNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the elongation phase at the ribosome?

    <p>Charged tRNA binds to the A site (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is not involved in the recognition and binding during the initiation of translation?

    <p>CG tracks in the mRNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique feature distinguishes the pioneer round of translation?

    <p>It involves recognition of uORFs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid is typically represented by the initiator tRNA in eukaryotics?

    <p>Methionine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Kozak sequence during translation initiation?

    <p>To assist in mRNA recognition by the ribosome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of elongation factors during elongation?

    <p>To facilitate charged tRNA binding to the A site (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Functions of proteins

    Proteins serve various roles like enzymatic, structural, regulatory, and transport functions.

    Amino acids

    The monomers (building blocks) that make up proteins.

    Polypeptide chains

    Chains formed by linking amino acids through peptide bonds.

    Codon

    A sequence of three nucleotides that encodes an amino acid in the genetic code.

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    Genetic code properties

    The genetic code is made of 64 codons with some being stop codons and others sense codons, being degenerate but not ambiguous.

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    Translation

    The process of synthesizing a protein from mRNA.

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    mRNA

    Messenger RNA carries the genetic information for protein synthesis.

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    tRNA

    Transfer RNA helps decode mRNA and brings amino acids for protein synthesis.

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    rRNA

    Ribosomal RNA forms the core of ribosome's structure and catalyzes protein synthesis.

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    AUG

    AUG is an initiation codon in protein synthesis.

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    Stop Codons

    UAA, UAG, and UGA are termination codons signaling the end of translation.

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    Universal Genetic Code

    The genetic code is nearly universal across species.

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    tRNA Structure

    tRNA is 74-95 nucleotides long with a shared CCA sequence.

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    Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

    rRNA makes up the ribosome and is crucial for protein synthesis.

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    Eukaryotic rRNA Genes

    Eukaryotes have clustered copies of rRNA genes coding for large and small rRNA.

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    Translation Location

    Translation takes place in the cytoplasm after mRNA exits the nucleus.

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    eEFs

    Elongation factors that facilitate protein synthesis by mediating GDP-GTP conversion.

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    Peptide bond formation

    The process linking amino acids in ribosome's A and P sites, involving 28S rRNA.

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    Termination codon

    A specific codon signaling the end of protein synthesis, causing the A site to be empty.

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    Release factors (RFs)

    Proteins that mediate the final steps of termination in protein synthesis.

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    Ribosomes

    Cellular structures that synthesize proteins by translating mRNA.

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    Stages of Translation

    Four key steps: tRNA charging, initiation, elongation, and termination.

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    tRNA Charging

    The process of attaching amino acids to tRNA using aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.

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    Initiation Components

    Key elements for protein synthesis: mRNA, ribosomal subunits, initiation factors, tRNA, GTP.

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    Elongation in Translation

    Addition of amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosome.

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    AUG Codon

    Start codon that signals the beginning of translation.

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    Peptidyl Site (P site)

    Binding site in the ribosome where the growing polypeptide chain is held.

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    Elongation Factors

    Proteins that assist the binding of charged tRNAs to the ribosome during elongation.

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    Termination Stage

    The final step in translation where the ribosome releases the completed protein.

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    Kozak Sequence

    Sequence surrounding an AUG codon that helps in initiating translation.

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    Study Notes

    Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

    • Students will be able to discuss the structure and functions of proteins.
    • Students will be able to explain the genetic code.
    • Students will be able to describe the structure and function of tRNA and rRNA.
    • Students will be able to outline the main steps of translation.

    From Nucleic Acid to Protein

    • Translation is the process of synthesizing a protein from the information in messenger RNA (mRNA).
    • Translation involves a series of steps starting with replication, transcription, and lastly translation to create a polypeptide.

    Proteins' Functions

    • Proteins have diverse functions:
      • Enzymatic: like lactase which breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose.
      • Structural: like collagen which forms fibers.
      • Regulatory: like proteins that control gene expression.
      • Transport: like active transporter proteins which move substances across cell membranes.

    Amino Acids (aa)

    • Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
    • They have an amine group, a carboxyl group, and a variable group.
    • Amino acids can be grouped based on their side chain properties (electrically charged, polar uncharged, special cases, hydrophobic)
    • There are essential and non-essential amino acids.

    Polypeptide Chains

    • Polypeptide chains are formed through peptide bonds.
    • The sequence of amino acids defines the primary structure of a protein.
    • Interactions between neighboring amino acids lead to secondary structures like pleated sheets and alpha helices.
    • The 3D folding pattern creates the tertiary structure.
    • Multiple polypeptide chains can assemble into a quaternary structure.
    • Proteins can have functional domains.

    The Genetic Code

    • The genetic code is based on codons.
    • A codon is a series of three nucleotides.
    • Codons specify particular amino acids.
    • The genetic code is (almost) universal.
    • The genetic code can be deciphered by identifying which amino acid a specific codon codes for.

    Three Main RNA Classes

    • Messenger RNA (mRNA): carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes.
    • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): part of the ribosome structure.
    • Transfer RNA (tRNA): transports amino acids to ribosomes.

    Transfer RNA (tRNA)

    • tRNA acts as a link between the genetic code and amino acids.
    • Each tRNA is specific for a single amino acid.
    • tRNA has a CCA sequence at its 3' end.
    • tRNA has an anticodon that pairs with the mRNA codon.
    • tRNA is modified after transcription.

    Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

    • Ribosomes are complexes (RNA and proteins).
    • Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis, translating mRNA into amino acid sequences.
    • Ribosomes are abundant in cells and have rRNA as significant components.

    Stages of Translation

    • tRNA charging: tRNAs bind to their respective amino acids.
    • Initiation: assembly of ribosomal subunits, mRNA, and initiator tRNA.
    • Elongation: addition of amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.
    • Termination: protein synthesis ends at a stop codon and the machinery is released.

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