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The main executive molecules in prokaryotic cells are:
The main executive molecules in prokaryotic cells are:
The functions of DNA polymerase in DNA replication do not include:
The functions of DNA polymerase in DNA replication do not include:
Defects of proteins directly involved in DNA repair and its regulation:
Defects of proteins directly involved in DNA repair and its regulation:
Chromosomes as individual structures are visible:
Chromosomes as individual structures are visible:
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The human karyotype is described using inclusive symbols. These symbols include:
The human karyotype is described using inclusive symbols. These symbols include:
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Organelles that are formed from bacteria absorbed by a eukaryotic proton-cell are:
Organelles that are formed from bacteria absorbed by a eukaryotic proton-cell are:
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The 46 XY karyotype corresponds to:
The 46 XY karyotype corresponds to:
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The lack of mitochondria characterizes the cells of organisms that are called:
The lack of mitochondria characterizes the cells of organisms that are called:
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The primary structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is called:
The primary structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is called:
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Which of the following cell organelles are surrounded by two membranes?
Which of the following cell organelles are surrounded by two membranes?
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Peripheral blood lymphocytes are used for cytogenetic tests because:
Peripheral blood lymphocytes are used for cytogenetic tests because:
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A property of homologous autosomal chromosomes in a normal human cell is that:
A property of homologous autosomal chromosomes in a normal human cell is that:
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Gyrase is an enzyme that:
Gyrase is an enzyme that:
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The function of cholesterol in the cell membrane is:
The function of cholesterol in the cell membrane is:
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The cellular structures that give cells their mechanical strength are:
The cellular structures that give cells their mechanical strength are:
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Composition of the large ribosomal subunit in eukaryotes:
Composition of the large ribosomal subunit in eukaryotes:
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Stem cells have the ability to self-renew because:
Stem cells have the ability to self-renew because:
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Transition mutations involve:
Transition mutations involve:
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The histone that stabilizes the histone octamer is:
The histone that stabilizes the histone octamer is:
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Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is used for:
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is used for:
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In humans, development in the female direction occurs in a case of:
In humans, development in the female direction occurs in a case of:
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The components of the cell nucleus do not include:
The components of the cell nucleus do not include:
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A protein made from the combination of peptide subunits is a protein with a:
A protein made from the combination of peptide subunits is a protein with a:
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Routine chromosome staining methods allow detection of:
Routine chromosome staining methods allow detection of:
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The function of ligase during DNA replication is:
The function of ligase during DNA replication is:
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The process of RNA interference is:
The process of RNA interference is:
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Apoptotic bodies will not be found in the structure of:
Apoptotic bodies will not be found in the structure of:
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Ethyl alcohol added to a DNA solution causes:
Ethyl alcohol added to a DNA solution causes:
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Regeneration may be classified as reproduction:
Regeneration may be classified as reproduction:
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Glycolysis occurs in the:
Glycolysis occurs in the:
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Epigenetic modifications that regulate gene expression include:
Epigenetic modifications that regulate gene expression include:
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70% of the total mass of a cell is made up of:
70% of the total mass of a cell is made up of:
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In which cell will smooth endoplasmic reticulum predominate?
In which cell will smooth endoplasmic reticulum predominate?
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Lipophilic synthetic vectors that penetrate cells and thus transport exogenous DNA are:
Lipophilic synthetic vectors that penetrate cells and thus transport exogenous DNA are:
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When the sodium-potassium pump in the cell stops working, the osmotic balance with the extracellular environment is disturbed, and the cell:
When the sodium-potassium pump in the cell stops working, the osmotic balance with the extracellular environment is disturbed, and the cell:
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The concept of epigenetics refers to:
The concept of epigenetics refers to:
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Small nuclear RNA (snRNA):
Small nuclear RNA (snRNA):
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The action of products of different genes that complement each other is named:
The action of products of different genes that complement each other is named:
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Select the true statement about the mitochondrial genome:
Select the true statement about the mitochondrial genome:
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The quaternary structure of proteins is:
The quaternary structure of proteins is:
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Sequences that enhance transcription are called:
Sequences that enhance transcription are called:
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Most often, chromosome structural aberrations are used to perform the test using:
Most often, chromosome structural aberrations are used to perform the test using:
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Stabilization of the quaternary structure of protein macromolecules is possible due to, among other:
Stabilization of the quaternary structure of protein macromolecules is possible due to, among other:
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The cell membrane is a natural barrier between the cell's surroundings and its external environment and......
The cell membrane is a natural barrier between the cell's surroundings and its external environment and......
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Select the correct statement about telomeres:
Select the correct statement about telomeres:
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In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is:
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is:
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Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in:
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in:
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Necrosis is a form of cell injury which results in:
Necrosis is a form of cell injury which results in:
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What process ends the mitotic division of each cell?
What process ends the mitotic division of each cell?
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The genetic information of a eukaryotic organism that enables proper replication includes:
The genetic information of a eukaryotic organism that enables proper replication includes:
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The Endoplasmic Reticulum is:
The Endoplasmic Reticulum is:
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Which of the following proteins is called the "guardian of the genome"?
Which of the following proteins is called the "guardian of the genome"?
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Restriction enzymes can produce:
Restriction enzymes can produce:
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In the process of splicing the transcript, fragments called pre-mRNA are cut out:
In the process of splicing the transcript, fragments called pre-mRNA are cut out:
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The expression product of the genome, which is a set of RNA molecules (including mRNA) encoding proteins, is referred to as:
The expression product of the genome, which is a set of RNA molecules (including mRNA) encoding proteins, is referred to as:
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Does translation and transcription occur during cell mitosis?
Does translation and transcription occur during cell mitosis?
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Heat shock proteins are produced in response to:
Heat shock proteins are produced in response to:
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The Human Karyotype is described using inclusive symbols:
The Human Karyotype is described using inclusive symbols:
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The primary structure of deoxyribonucleic acid is called
The primary structure of deoxyribonucleic acid is called
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Small nuclear RNA:
Small nuclear RNA:
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Sequences that enhance transcription are:
Sequences that enhance transcription are:
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Most often chromosome structural aberrations are used to perform the test:
Most often chromosome structural aberrations are used to perform the test:
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Study Notes
Prokaryotic Cells Executive Molecules
- The main executive molecules in prokaryotic cells are proteins.
DNA Polymerase Functions
- DNA polymerase does not initiate DNA replication.
- DNA polymerase functions include: analyzing each nucleotide for error correction, adding nucleotides to a new strand according to the rule of base complementarity, catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond.
DNA Repair Defects
- Defects in DNA repair proteins increase cancer susceptibility, decrease immunity, and accelerate aging.
Chromosome Visibility
- Chromosomes are visible in metaphase of cell division.
Human Karyotype Components
- The human karyotype includes chromosome number, length, and identified irregularities.
Organelles from Absorbed Bacteria
- Mitochondria are organelles formed from bacteria absorbed by eukaryotic cells.
Karyotype and Gender
- A 46,XY karyotype indicates a healthy male.
Mitochondria and Organisms
- Organisms lacking mitochondria are anaerobic.
Primary DNA Structure
- The primary structure of DNA is the linear arrangement of nucleotides.
Cell Organelles with Two Membranes
- Cell nucleus and mitochondria are surrounded by two membranes.
Lymphocytes for Cytogenetic Tests
- Peripheral blood lymphocytes are used for cytogenetic tests because they are easy to obtain.
Homologous Autosomal Chromosomes
- Homologous autosomal chromosomes are paired, numbered 1-22, and have the same shape and length.
Gyrase Enzyme Function
- Gyrase attaches to the DNA strand before the replication fork.
Cholesterol Role in Cell Membranes
- Cholesterol regulates membrane properties like stiffness and permeability.
Cell Mechanical Strength
- Intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength to cells.
Eukaryotic Ribosomal Subunit Composition
- The large ribosomal subunit in eukaryotes contains rRNA molecules (28S, 5.8S, and 5S).
Stem Cell Self-Renewal
- Stem cells self-renew by dividing without differentiating.
Transition Mutations
- Transition mutations involve replacing one purine with another purine (e.g., A with G).
Histone Stabilizing Histone Octamer
- Histone H1, and exceptionally H5 in erythrocytes, stabilizes the histone octamer.
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Use
- Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis separates proteins.
Female Development and Sex Chromosomes
- Female development occurs with the absence of a Y chromosome or if a Y chromosome is present but lacks the SRY gene.
Cell Nucleus Components
- The cell nucleus does not contain the Golgi apparatus.
Protein Structure Levels
- A protein made from multiple peptide subunits has a quaternary structure.
Chromosome Aberration Detection
- Routine chromosome staining primarily detects numerical chromosomal aberrations.
Ligase Role in DNA Replication
- DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments.
RNA Interference
- RNA interference silences gene expression.
Apoptosis and Cell Components
- Macrophages, not cell organelles, eliminate apoptotic bodies.
DNA and Ethyl Alcohol
- Ethyl alcohol precipitates DNA.
Regeneration and Reproduction
- Regeneration can be a form of asexual reproduction.
Glycolysis Location
- Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.
Epigenetic Modifications
- DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification regulating gene expression.
Cell Mass Composition
- Water molecules constitute 70% of a cell’s mass.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Predominance
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum predominates in cells synthesizing non-protein organic products.
Synthetic DNA Vectors
- Liposomes are lipophilic synthetic vectors that penetrate cells and transport exogenous DNA.
Sodium-Potassium Pump and Osmotic Balance
- A malfunctioning sodium-potassium pump disrupts osmotic balance, leading to water influx and cell lysis.
Epigenetic Definition
- Epigenetics concerns changes in gene function/expression.
Small Nuclear RNA Function
- Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) participates in pre-mRNA splicing.
Gene Complementation
- The synergistic action of the products from different genes is termed complementation.
Mitochondrial Genome Codon
- The AUU codon is the translation initiation codon in mitochondria.
Protein Quaternary Structure
- The quaternary structure of proteins describes functional protein complexes.
Transcription Enhancers
- Enhancers are DNA sequences that enhance transcription.
Chromosome Aberration Testing
- Peripheral blood lymphocytes are commonly used for chromosome structural aberration testing.
Protein Quaternary Structure Stabilization
- Quaternary protein structure stabilization involves hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions.
Cell Membrane Function
- The cell membrane selectively exchanges substances, allows for cell responsiveness, and has a protective function.
Telomere Function
- Telomeres maintain constant genome length.
Genome Definition
- The genome encompasses all genetic information in an organism.
Apoptosis Description
- Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death in multicellular organisms.
Necrosis Description
- Necrosis is premature cell death caused by external factors, often detrimental.
Mitosis Termination
- Cytokinesis ends mitotic cell division.
Eukaryotic Replication Information
- The DNA double helix holds the genetic information for eukaryotic replication.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure and Function
- The endoplasmic reticulum is a system of interconnected membranes dividing the cytoplasm into specialized compartments for different metabolic processes.
P53 Function
- P53 is a protein referred to as the "guardian of the genome," involved in genome stability.
Restriction Enzyme Products
- Restriction enzymes produce both sticky and blunt ends.
Splicing Transcript Pre-mRNA Fragments
- Introns are the pre-mRNA fragments removed during splicing.
Transcriptome Definition
- The transcriptome is the set of RNA molecules (including mRNA) encoding proteins.
Transcription and Translation During Mitosis
- Both transcription and translation are inhibited during cell mitosis.
Heat Shock Proteins and Cell Responses
- Heat shock proteins are induced in response to various cellular stressors.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts related to prokaryotic cells, DNA structures, and their functions. It includes discussions on DNA polymerase, DNA repair mechanisms, and the characteristics of human karyotypes. Test your knowledge on cellular organelles and genetic information!
