Biology Chapter: Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
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Questions and Answers

What structure in bacteria is primarily responsible for DNA replication?

  • Plasmid
  • Flagella
  • Ribosome
  • Nucleoid (correct)

    • What is the primary function of pili in bacteria?

  • Locomotion
  • Protein synthesis
  • DNA replication
  • Attachment to surfaces (correct)

    • What kind of motion do flagella use to propel bacteria?

  • Corkscrew motion
  • Propeller-like motion (correct)
  • Pulsating motion
  • Wave-like motion

    • What is the primary component of the fungal cell wall?

    <p>Chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what structure do ribosomes synthesize proteins?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of bacterial cells?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pores in the nuclear membrane?

    <p>Selective passage of molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the membrane composition of fungal cells compared to mammalian cells?

    <p>Presence of ergosterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the plasma membrane in prokaryotes?

    <p>Regulating the flow of materials in and out of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes in terms of cellular structure?

    <p>Eukaryotes contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the capsule serve in certain bacteria?

    <p>It protects the bacterium from dehydration and phagocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of capsules found in some bacteria?

    <p>Polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the bacterial cell wall?

    <p>It is uniform in thickness and maintains cell shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of thylakoids in microalgae?

    <p>Assist in photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about plasmids in bacteria?

    <p>They replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which components make up the cell walls of microalgae?

    <p>Cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes binary fission?

    <p>A asexual reproduction process in prokaryotes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cytoplasm in bacterial cells primarily consist of?

    <p>A gel-like matrix containing water, enzymes, and nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does starch play in the life cycle of microalgae?

    <p>It serves as a principal source of chemical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one function of the vacuole in oxygenic phototrophs?

    <p>Storage and maintenance of cell homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is synthesized in the chloroplasts of photoautotrophic microalgae?

    <p>Chlorophylls and starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ribosomes in a cell?

    <p>Translate messenger RNA into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is primarily responsible for generating cellular energy in the form of ATP?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) from smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER)?

    <p>The presence of ribosomes on its surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the fungal vacuole?

    <p>Serve as a reservoir for small molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is NOT part of the fungal cytoskeleton?

    <p>Golgi bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the lysosome play in a cell?

    <p>Digesting material and obsolete components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are ribosomes primarily assembled within the cell?

    <p>Nucleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major characteristic of fungal membranes?

    <p>They have a structure similar to other biological membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

    • Prokaryotes have a nucleoid, which is not a membrane-bound nucleus, and lack membrane-bound organelles.
    • Eukaryotes contain a defined nucleus and various membrane-bound organelles and can be unicellular or multicellular.
    • Prokaryotic multiplication occurs via binary fission; eukaryotic methods vary.

    Bacterial Structure

    • Bacteria may possess a protective capsule made of polysaccharides that prevents desiccation and protects against phagocytosis; this capsule enhances virulence in pathogens like Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
    • Bacterial cell envelope has two to three layers: the cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, and optionally an outer capsule.
    • The cell wall provides rigidity and determines bacterial shape (rod, coccus, spiral) and is mainly composed of peptidoglycan.

    Cytoplasm and Genetic Material

    • Bacterial cytoplasm contains water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, gases, ribosomes, chromosomes, and plasmids, crucial for growth and metabolism.
    • Plasmids, circular DNA strands, confer selective advantages and replicate independently of chromosomal DNA, although they are not essential for survival.
    • The nucleoid is an area within the cytoplasm housing the chromosomal DNA, typically a single, circular chromosome.

    Specialized Structures

    • Pili are hair-like projections aiding in adhesion to surfaces; their absence can hinder pathogenic bacteria from infecting hosts.
    • Flagella provide locomotion via a propeller-like motion, allowing bacteria to navigate toward nutrients or away from toxins.

    Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis

    • Ribosomes, composed of RNA and proteins, serve as the site for protein synthesis, translating mRNA into amino acid chains that form proteins.
    • Ribosomes are formed in the nucleolus and distributed throughout the cytoplasm.

    Fungal Cell Characteristics

    • Fungal cell walls consist of 80-90% carbohydrates, predominantly chitin, with proteins and lipids also present.
    • Fungi have membranes containing ergosterol instead of cholesterol, sharing structural similarities with other biological membranes.

    Cellular Organelles in Eukaryotes

    • The Golgi apparatus is involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins; it consists of cisternae arranged in dictyosomes.
    • Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) synthesizes proteins, while smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER) focuses on lipid synthesis and calcium homeostasis.
    • Lysosomes act as the cell's digestive system, breaking down external materials and obsolete cell components.

    Cytoskeleton and Mitochondria

    • The fungal cytoskeleton, made of F-actin, microtubules, and septins, is essential for cell morphogenesis.
    • Mitochondria are vital for ATP production, conducting energy generation via the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

    Vacuoles and Chloroplasts

    • Fungal vacuoles serve as storage and degradation compartments for various small molecules and ions.
    • In microalgae, chloroplasts are critical for photosynthesis and synthesis of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and starch.

    Thylakoids and Energy Storage

    • Thylakoids in chloroplasts assist in photosynthesis by synthesizing ATP and reducing NADP+ for energy production during the Calvin cycle.
    • Starch accumulates in plastids of green algae and land plants as a primary chemical energy source, with enzymes facilitating metabolic pathways.

    Intracellular Communication and Function

    • Septa can have pores for transporting organelles like ribosomes and mitochondria between cells.
    • Microalgae function in various environments, representing a group of unicellular photosynthetic organisms living in aquatic or terrestrial contexts.

    Cellular Regulation and Homeostasis

    • The vacuole plays a multifunctional role in maintaining homeostasis, storing substances, and facilitating catabolism in organisms.
    • Cytoplasmic components regulate various cellular processes, contributing to overall functioning and survival.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in this quiz. Learn about the structure, function, and reproduction of these two categories of organisms. Test your understanding of their key characteristics and similarities.

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