Biology Chapter Overview

pH Scale

• Measures hydrogen ions (H+).
• Blood pH is 7.4.
• pH 7 is neutral.
• pH less than 7 is acidic.
• pH greater than 7 is basic.

Macromolecules

• Carbohydrates: Cellular fuel (e.g., glucose).
• Lipids: Energy storage.
• Proteins: Transport.
• Nucleic Acids: Store genetic information.

Anatomical Position

• Body is erect.
• Palms face forward.
• Feet are slightly apart.
• Thumbs point away from the body.

Body Quadrants

• Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ): Stomach.
• Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ): Small intestine.
• Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ): Liver.
• Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ): Appendix.

Signs of Inflammation

• Redness.
• Heat.
• Swelling.
• Pain.
• Impairment of function.

Homeostasis

• Stable internal conditions.
• Maintenance of internal environment.
• Nervous and endocrine systems (nerve impulses and hormones) accomplish this.

Feedback Mechanisms

• Negative Feedback: Response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus (e.g., glucose regulation, body temperature).
• Positive Feedback: Response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus (e.g., childbirth, blood clotting).

Tonicity

• Hypotonic: Cell gains water.
• Hypertonic: Cell loses water, shrinks.
• Isotonic: No net movement of water, maintains cell size.

Selective Permeability

• Allows some materials to pass freely while restricting others.
• Factors affecting movement include size, electrical charge, molecular shape, and lipid solubility.

Epithelial Tissue Functions

• Protection: Stratified squamous epithelium (skin).
• Absorption: Simple columnar epithelium (small intestine).
• Filtration: Simple cuboidal epithelium (kidneys).
• Excretion: Transitional epithelium (urinary bladder).
• Secretion: Simple columnar epithelium (glands).
• Sensory Reception: Specialized epithelial cells (taste buds).

Muscle Tissue Types

• Skeletal Muscle: Attached to bone, voluntary movement.
• Cardiac Muscle: Heart, involuntary.
• Smooth Muscle: Primarily in hollow organs, involuntary.

Tissue Regeneration

• Regenerate: Bone and epithelial tissues.
• Do Not Regenerate: Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue.

Passive Transport

• Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
• Osmosis: Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from high to low water concentration.
• Facilitated Diffusion: Movement of molecules across a membrane with the help of a transport protein.

Endocrine vs. Exocrine Glands

• Endocrine Glands: Ductless, secrete hormones into the bloodstream (e.g., thyroid).
• Exocrine Glands: Secretory ducts, release substances onto body surfaces or into body cavities (e.g., sweat glands).

Blast Cells and Cyte Cells

• Blast Cells: Immature cells (e.g., fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts).
• Cyte Cells: Mature cells (e.g., chondrocytes, osteocytes).