Biology Chapter on Water and Circulation

The attraction between water molecules due to hydrogen bonding.

The attraction between water molecules and other molecules due to hydrogen bonding.

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius. Water's high specific heat capacity helps stabilize temperatures in organisms.

Specialized systems in larger organisms that transport substances efficiently. They include a network of vessels, a fluid medium, controlled direction of movement, and sustained speed.

Water's ability to dissolve polar molecules and ions allows for transport throughout the body.

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body tissues (except the pulmonary artery).

Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the body tissues (except the pulmonary vein).

Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that connect arteries to veins, enabling the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between blood and body tissues.

The heart's four chambers pump blood through the circulatory system. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body, the right ventricle pumps it to the lungs, the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps it to the body.

The atrioventricular valves (mitral and tricuspid) prevent blood from flowing backward from the ventricles to the atria during contraction. The semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) prevent backflow from the arteries to the ventricles during relaxation.

The first stage in the cardiac cycle where the atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles.

The second stage in the cardiac cycle where the ventricles contract, pushing blood out to the body (left ventricle) or lungs (right ventricle).

The third stage in the cardiac cycle where the heart relaxes allowing refilling of the chambers with blood.

A disease where plaque builds up inside the inner lining of arteries, making them hard and narrow.

The thin lining of blood vessels that gets damaged in atherosclerosis, leading to plaque buildup.

Simple sugar monomers, the building blocks of carbohydrates.

A six-carbon monosaccharide, the main energy source for cellular respiration.

Two monosaccharides joined together by condensation, forming a dimer.

Long chains of monosaccharides (usually glucose) linked together by glycosidic bonds.

The main energy storage molecule in animals, made of many alpha-glucose molecules.

The process where blood changes from a liquid to a gel-like state to stop bleeding.

Tiny cells in blood that clump together at the site of a wound to form a plug, starting the clotting process.

A protein that, when activated, turns fibrinogen into fibrin, a sticky network that traps red blood cells and forms a clot.

The balance between calories consumed and calories burned through physical activity.

A measure of body fat based on height and weight, with a value below 18 indicating underweight and above 30 indicating obesity.

Lipids are a diverse group of biological molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They are crucial for energy storage, structural components of cell membranes, and various other biological functions.

Saturated lipids, like those found in animal fats, have hydrocarbon chains without any double bonds. This straight structure allows molecules to pack tightly together, resulting in a solid state at room temperature.

Unsaturated lipids, commonly found in plant oils, contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. These double bonds cause 'kinks' in the molecules, preventing tight packing and giving them a liquid consistency at room temperature.

Starch is a complex carbohydrate made up of two primary components: amylose and amylopectin. Plants use starch as their primary energy storage molecule.

Amylose is a linear, unbranched chain of glucose molecules linked by 1,4 glycosidic bonds. Its coiled structure allows for compact storage of energy.

A type of lipid composed of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid chains, used as energy storage.

A type of lipid that forms the basis of cell membranes. They have a hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty acid tails.

A complex of lipids and proteins that transport cholesterol in the bloodstream. It's formed from unsaturated fats, protein, and cholesterol. It transports cholesterol from body tissues to the liver for breakdown, reducing cholesterol levels and the risk of atherosclerosis.

A type of lipoprotein that transports cholesterol from the liver to the blood. It's formed from saturated fats, protein, and cholesterol. It contributes to increased cholesterol levels and is linked to atherosclerosis.

A waxy substance that is essential for building cell membranes and producing hormones. It's transported by lipoproteins.

Statins are medications that lower cholesterol levels by blocking the enzyme responsible for cholesterol production in the liver. This reduces the amount of cholesterol circulating in the bloodstream.

Platelet inhibitors prevent blood clots by making platelets less sticky. This reduces the risk of blood clots forming in arteries and contributing to atherosclerosis.

Beta blockers lower blood pressure by reducing the heart's contractile force and rate. They achieve this by blocking the effects of heart hormones.

Diuretics increase urine production, which lowers blood volume and subsequently blood pressure. The excess fluid is eliminated from the body.

ACE inhibitors block the conversion of Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II, a powerful vasoconstrictor. This prevents narrowing of blood vessels and lowers blood pressure.