Biology Chapter on Tumors and Nervous System

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Questions and Answers

Which type of tumor is classified as locally malignant?

Melanoma

Basal cell carcinoma (correct)

Lymphoma

Osteosarcoma

What is the main function of the central nervous system?

Processing sensory information (correct)

Generating body heat

Digesting food

Regulating hormone production

What is the primary function of tumor suppressor genes?

To promote uncontrolled cell growth

To control the progression of the cell cycle (correct)

To inhibit programmed cell death

To enhance DNA mutations

Which structure is NOT part of the central nervous system?

Cranial nerves Signup and view all the answers

What major division of the nervous system includes cranial and spinal nerves?

Peripheral nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Which gene is known as the 'Guardian of the genome'?

P53 Signup and view all the answers

What happens when there is a mutation in apoptosis regulatory genes?

Inhibition of programmed cell death Signup and view all the answers

What describes the structure that relays information between the central nervous system and the rest of the body?

Neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the central nervous system?

Releasing digestive enzymes Signup and view all the answers

How do DNA repair genes contribute to cancer prevention?

By regulating DNA damage repair during mitosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a hallmark of cancer related to cell growth signals?

Self-sufficiency in growth signals Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical unit of the nervous system?

Neuron Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the peripheral nervous system controls voluntary movements?

Somatic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Which type of genes must both normal alleles be damaged for transformation to occur?

Tumor suppressor genes Signup and view all the answers

Which gene is commonly overexpressed in follicular lymphoma?

BCL2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the loss of function in DNA repair genes?

Accumulation of mutations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of gap junctions in smooth muscle cells?

To transmit nerve impulses rapidly between cells Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is mentioned as stimulating uterine smooth muscle contraction?

Oxytocin Signup and view all the answers

What additional function besides contraction is performed by some smooth muscle cells?

Exogenous protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What process allows smooth muscle cells to form new muscle cells after injury?

Mitosis Signup and view all the answers

Which structural process contributes to the thickening of the uterine muscular wall during pregnancy?

Hyperplasia from mitotic activity Signup and view all the answers

What are pericytes associated with in the context of smooth muscle regeneration?

Blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

Which among the following substances is synthesized by smooth muscle cells for extracellular use?

Collagen and elastin Signup and view all the answers

In the context of smooth muscle, what does hypertrophy refer to?

Increase in cell size Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for tumors to enlarge beyond a size of 1-2 mm?

Induction of host blood vessel growth Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is NOT classified as an endothelial growth protein involved in angiogenesis?

Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) Signup and view all the answers

What role do cadherins play in normal epithelial cells?

Binding adjacent cells together Signup and view all the answers

What happens when E-cadherins are downregulated in carcinomas?

Enhanced tumor cell migration Signup and view all the answers

Which factor influences where tumor cell emboli lodge and begin growing?

Interactions with specific receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method by which tumor cells degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

Secreting proteases Signup and view all the answers

How do tumor cells typically enter the bloodstream for vascular dissemination?

As self-aggregates and adhering to leukocytes Signup and view all the answers

What does the grading and staging of malignant tumors provide?

A semiquantitative estimate of clinical gravity Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a monosynaptic reflex arc?

It has a single synapse between the afferent and efferent neurons. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which corticosteroids suppress the production of prostaglandins (PGs)?

Blocking the release of arachidonic acid from cell membranes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?

They suppress PGs production by inhibiting the COX enzyme system. Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex is typically associated with the knee jerk response?

Stretch reflex Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the withdrawal reflex?

Painful stimulation of skin or subcutaneous tissues Signup and view all the answers

What potential risk is associated with the long-term use of corticosteroids and NSAIDs?

Severe adverse effects Signup and view all the answers

Why might NSAIDs be used alongside antimicrobial drugs in certain conditions?

To address the underlying infectious cause of inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary response in a stretch reflex?

Contraction of the muscle being stretched Signup and view all the answers

How do the modes of action of corticosteroids and NSAIDs differ in terms of their site of effect?

Corticosteroids act at the cellular membrane while NSAIDs act on COX enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates polysynaptic reflexes from monosynaptic reflexes?

Polysynaptic reflexes have multiple synapses involving interneurons. Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of non-selective NSAIDs compared to selective COX-2 inhibitors?

Selective COX-2 inhibitors can reduce gastrointestinal side effects. Signup and view all the answers

During the voiding reflex, what role do the pelvic nerves play?

They function as both afferent and efferent pathways. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflexes involves flexor muscle contraction and inhibition of extensor muscles?

Withdrawal reflex Signup and view all the answers

In what situation should corticosteroids be primarily used?

During acute flare-ups of chronic diseases Signup and view all the answers

What initiates peristalsis in the gastrointestinal tract?

Stretch of the gut wall by contents Signup and view all the answers

What common characteristic is shared by both corticosteroids and NSAIDs regarding their application?

They relieve symptoms of various acute inflammatory disorders. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

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Description

Test your understanding of key concepts related to tumors, the central nervous system, and tumor suppressor genes in this biology quiz. Answer questions about the anatomical structures, functions, and genetic factors that play a role in cancer. Perfect for students studying biology at various levels.