Biology Chapter on Transcription and Translation

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Questions and Answers

What do the embryonic similarities in various vertebrates during initial stages suggest?

Absence of any evolutionary relationship

Different origins of species

Common origin of all animals (correct)

Unique evolutionary paths

Which statement is a key component of Darwin's theory of natural selection?

All organisms are identical and do not compete for resources.

Only the fittest organisms survive to reproduce. (correct)

Natural selection is the only method of evolution.

Random mutations are solely responsible for evolution.

What is one criticism of Darwin's theory of natural selection mentioned in the content?

It accurately explains all evolutionary changes.

Natural selection is the sole mechanism for evolution.

There is no explanation about slow changes and abrupt changes. (correct)

It does not account for the influence of genetic drift.

In which book did Charles Darwin present his theory of natural selection?

The Origin of Species Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'survival of the fittest' imply in the context of natural selection?

Those best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive. Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the fact that organisms reproduce prolifically according to Darwin's observations?

Excess offspring leads to competition for limited resources. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Charles Darwin's contribution to biology?

He established the theory of evolution through natural selection. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of evolution did Darwin's natural selection theory fail to adequately address?

The mechanisms of non-adaptive traits and their roles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of mRNA in the process of protein synthesis?

To provide a coded message from DNA Signup and view all the answers

What molecule is primarily responsible for synthesizing mRNA during transcription?

RNA Polymerase Signup and view all the answers

Which nucleotide base is found in RNA but not in DNA?

Uracil Signup and view all the answers

What is a triplet codon?

A sequence of three nucleotides that codes for an amino acid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the Central Dogma of molecular biology?

Proteins are replicated to form DNA Signup and view all the answers

Which type of RNA delivers amino acids to the ribosome during translation?

tRNA Signup and view all the answers

What did Dr. Har Govind Khorana contribute to the understanding of protein synthesis?

Identification of triplet codons for amino acids Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes transcription?

The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template Signup and view all the answers

How many molecules of ATP are derived from each molecule of NADH2 during aerobic respiration?

3 molecules Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the chromosome number before cell division?

It doubles from 2n to 4n. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of ATP in cellular metabolism?

Energy transport and storage Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of mitosis involves the condensation of chromosomes?

Prophase Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does the nuclear membrane completely disappear?

Metaphase Signup and view all the answers

What happens to lipids when carbohydrates are insufficient in the body?

Lipids are converted into fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical composition of ATP?

Adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups Signup and view all the answers

What happens to sister chromatids during anaphase?

They are pulled apart to opposite poles. Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is produced alongside ATP during oxidation in aerobic respiration?

Carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Which structure forms between the centromeres of chromosomes during metaphase?

Spindle fibers Signup and view all the answers

What environmental change prompted early apes to adapt to terrestrial life?

Decline of forests due to a dry environment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following coenzymes is specifically formed for energy production in cellular respiration?

NAD Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of amino acids when the body has low carbohydrate levels?

Converted to glucose Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for the replicated forms of a chromosome during prophase?

Sister chromatids Signup and view all the answers

During which mitotic phase do daughter chromosomes reach the poles of the cell?

Anaphase Signup and view all the answers

How does ATP release energy for use in the cell?

Breaking a bond between phosphate groups Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation allowed early human-like animals to use their hands more freely?

Development of the pelvic girdle Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how many years ago did the first human-like animals begin to evolve?

20 million years ago Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following species is considered a more advanced human-like ancestor?

Australopithecus Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the separation of the cytoplasm during mitosis?

Cytokinesis Signup and view all the answers

What feature is characteristic of Cro-Magnon man in comparison to earlier hominids?

More advanced tool-making skills Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups represents early hominids that lived around the same time as the first human-like animals?

Dryopithecus Signup and view all the answers

How did standing in an erect posture benefit early human-like animals?

It freed their hands for other tasks. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is typically associated with the development of the human species over time?

Advanced tool use and culture Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Transcription

DNA contains the information for protein synthesis.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is produced based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.
Only one strand of DNA is used in this process.
The sequence of nucleotides in mRNA is complementary to the DNA strand.
Uracil replaces thymine in RNA.
The process of RNA synthesis is called transcription.

Translation

mRNA, produced in the nucleus, moves into the cytoplasm.
mRNA carries the coded message from DNA.
This message contains the codes for amino acids.
Each amino acid is encoded by a triplet codon, which consists of three nucleotides.
Dr. Har Govind Khorana, an Indian scientist, contributed to the discovery of triplet codons for 20 amino acids.
He received the Nobel Prize in 1968 for his work.
Each mRNA is made up of thousands of triplet codons.
tRNA supplies amino acids based on the message on mRNA.

Genetic Disorders

Genetic disorders are caused by abnormalities in genes or chromosomes.
These disorders can be inherited from parents or occur spontaneously.
Examples of genetic disorders:
- Sickle cell anemia
- Cystic fibrosis
- Down syndrome
- Hemophilia

Embryological Evidences

Comparative study of embryonic development in vertebrates shows similarities during the initial stages.
These similarities indicate a common origin of all vertebrates.
The similarities decrease gradually as development progresses.

Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection

All organisms reproduce prolifically.
Organisms compete for resources and survival.
Organisms with favorable adaptations are more likely to survive and reproduce.
Natural selection is the process of organisms that are best suited to their environment surviving and reproducing.
Darwin proposed that all species have evolved from a common ancestor over thousands of years.
Darwin's theory was widely accepted but faced some objections including the lack of explanations for abrupt changes and the role of factors besides natural selection in evolution.

Human Evolution

Primitive apes started living on land as forests declined due to dry environments.
Their pelvic girdles adapted to an erect posture.
They began using their hands for various tasks.
These first human-like animals with erect posture emerged around 20 million years ago.

ATP: Energy Currency

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a high-energy molecule.
Energy is stored in the phosphate bonds of ATP.
ATP is composed of adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups.
Energy is released by breaking a phosphate bond in ATP.
This process converts ATP to ADP (adenosine diphosphate).
ATP is considered the "energy currency of the cell."

Cellular Respiration

Lipids and proteins can be used for energy production if carbohydrates are insufficient.
Lipids are converted into fatty acids and proteins are converted into amino acids in these conditions.

Mitosis

Before cell division, the cell duplicates its chromosomes (2n to 4n).
Somatic cells and stem cells divide by mitosis.
Mitosis consists of two main steps: karyokinesis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division).
Karyokinesis occurs in four stages:
- Prophase: Chromosomes condense and become visible.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the center of the cell. Centromeres of each chromosome attach to spindle fibers.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.
- Telophase: Chromosomes reach the poles and the nuclear membrane reforms.

Mitochondria & Tri-carboxylic Acid Cycle

The tri-carboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle) occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
Each NADH2 molecule yields 3 ATP molecules, and each FADH2 molecule yields 2 ATP molecules.
Water is also produced in this reaction.
The electron transport chain, crucial for ATP production, occurs in the mitochondria.

Energy Co-enzymes

NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide) and FAD (Flavin Adenine dinucleotide) function as coenzymes in cellular respiration.
They are produced and used in cells.

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Description

This quiz covers the crucial biological processes of transcription and translation, detailing how mRNA is synthesized from DNA and how it carries genetic information for protein synthesis. Additionally, it touches upon the significance of triplet codons and the role of tRNA in the process. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts in genetics.