Biology Chapter on Tissues and Cells

All living organisms, from bacteria to humans, are made up of one or more tiny building blocks called cells.

Bacteria and protozoans are examples of single-celled organisms, meaning they consist of just one cell.

Living things are categorized into groups called Kingdoms. The main Kingdoms include bacteria, protozoans, fungi, plants, and animals.

Bacteria are single-celled organisms that belong to a separate Kingdom.

Protozoans are single-celled organisms that belong to a separate Kingdom.

A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.

Organs are made up of different types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function.

A collection of organs that work together to perform a specific function in the body.

They are the basic units of life, meaning they are the smallest structural and functional units of all living organisms.

All living things are made up of cells, and these cells work together to form tissues, organs, and organ systems. This organizational hierarchy is essential for the proper functioning of all living organisms.

The smallest unit of life that can function independently.

The functional units within a cell that perform specific tasks.

They are responsible for converting energy from food into a form that the cell can use, powering all cellular activities.

A protective barrier that encloses the cell, controlling what enters and exits.

They store the cell's genetic material (DNA), which contains instructions for building and maintaining the cell.

The cell membrane is made up of two layers of lipids (fat-like molecules) forming a barrier that controls what enters and leaves the cell.

The selective permeability of the cell membrane means it allows some substances to pass through while blocking others, ensuring the cell maintains its internal environment.

The lipid bilayer's structure allows it to act like a gatekeeper, regulating the passage of nutrients, waste products, and other essential molecules.

The cell membrane allows crucial nutrients to enter the cell while expelling waste products, ensuring proper cell function and survival.

The intricate structure of the cell membrane, with its lipid bilayer, is essential for maintaining the cell's integrity and regulating its interactions with the environment.

The Golgi apparatus is a cellular organelle that processes and packages proteins and lipids (fats) produced by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) into vesicles for transport to other parts of the cell.

Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes capable of breaking down various cellular components, such as worn-out organelles, debris, and foreign invaders.

The Golgi apparatus is a cellular organelle that processes and packages proteins and lipids (fats) produced by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) into vesicles for transport to other parts of the cell. Lysosomes, which are involved in breaking down cellular components, bud off from the Golgi apparatus.

Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes capable of breaking down various cellular components, such as worn-out organelles, debris, and foreign invaders. They play a crucial role in maintaining cellular health and function.

Lysosomes are critical for removing cellular debris and pathogens through their enzymes, thus protecting the cell from damage and maintaining its overall well-being.

Lysosomes help digest nutrients that the cell takes in. This means they break down food into smaller parts that the cell can use for energy and growth.

Lysosomes also break down old or damaged parts of the cell. This is like cleaning up and recycling old or broken things.

One important function of lysosomes is fighting off invaders. They break down bacteria and viruses to protect the cell from getting sick.

The size and function of lysosomes differ depending on the type of cell and its job. For example, a lysosome in a muscle cell may be different from one in a brain cell.

The Golgi apparatus is a cellular organelle that processes and packages proteins and lipids (fats) produced by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) into vesicles for transport to other parts of the cell.

Vesicles are small membrane-bound sacs that transport substances within the cell.

The process of a vesicle fusing with the Golgi apparatus involves the vesicle membrane merging with the Golgi membrane, releasing the contents into the Golgi for further processing.

Substances produced in the ER are transported as vesicles and fuse with the Golgi apparatus, where they undergo further processing and packaging before being transported to their final destination.

The Golgi apparatus is a key organelle involved in the modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins and lipids, ensuring their proper distribution within the cell and beyond.

Lysosomes are organelles found within cells that contain enzymes responsible for breaking down various cellular components, including nutrients, waste products, and invading microorganisms.

Lysosomes break down old or damaged cellular components, such as worn-out organelles or debris, helping to maintain the cell's health and prevent buildup of harmful substances.

Lysosomes contain enzymes that can fight off invading microorganisms like bacteria and viruses by breaking them down, protecting the cell from infection.

The ability of an organism to produce offspring, ensuring the continuation of its species. This can happen at both the cellular and organismal levels.

An essential process where organisms increase in size and complexity, often involving the creation of new cells. It helps them develop and mature.

The ability to move or change position. This includes both physical movements like walking and internal movements like blood flowing.

This is the process by which organisms take in nutrients and use them for energy and growth.

Organisms maintain a stable internal environment, despite changes in the external environment. Think of sweating when it's hot and shivering when it's cold.

Waste products that are either useless or harmful to the body.

The smallest units of all living things.

Waste products that are either useless or harmful to the body. These are like garbage that needs to be removed.

The process by which organisms maintain a stable internal environment, even when the outside world changes. This is like keeping your body temperature comfortable, even if it's hot or cold outside.

The ability of an organism to produce offspring. This is how species continue to exist.

The ability to move or change position. This can be done by walking, swimming, or even just the internal movement of blood.

Made up of two layers of lipids (fats), the cell membrane acts like a barrier that lets some things pass through while blocking others, keeping the cell's internal environment stable.

The cell membrane's selective permeability allows it to choose which substances can enter or leave the cell. This ensures that only the necessary nutrients and materials can pass through, while harmful substances are kept out.

The cell membrane plays a crucial role in maintaining the cell's internal environment, protecting it from damage, and allowing it to communicate with its surroundings.

The cell membrane uses a variety of transport mechanisms to move substances across its surface. This includes passive transport, which doesn't require energy, and active transport, which does.

The process by which absorbed substances are transformed into usable forms for body tissues.

The removal of waste products from the body.

The process of converting food into energy that the cell can use.

The ability of a cell to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes outside.

Removing waste products from the body.

The process by which absorbed substances are transformed into usable forms for body tissues.