Biology Chapter on Tissue and Cells

Tissue

• Tissues are groups of similar cells performing a common function.
• Types of tissues include simple squamous (lungs), simple cuboidal (kidneys), and simple columnar (intestines).
• Tissues are composed of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function.

Specialized Cells and Tissues

• Fibroblasts: Cells found in connective tissues, including but not limited to: beneath epithelium, tendons, and various connective tissues. Fibroblasts possess nuclei and produce fibers, including elastic and collagen fibers.
• Adipose cells: Cells containing fat droplets and vacuoles, usually found in adipose tissue. Adipose cells have nuclei and vacuoles filled with fat droplets.
• Bone cells: Cells in bone tissue, arranged in lamellae and lacunae surrounding a central canal. Bone cells are organized in specific structures (lamellae and lacunae) around a central canal.
• Blood cells: Include erythrocytes (red blood cells), neutrophils, lymphocytes, and other types, found in the blood vascular system.
• Neutrophils, Red blood cells, and Lymphocytes: Are all examples of blood cells.

Cells and Proteins

• Cells require transmembrane receptors for hormones, cytokines, and neurotransmitters.
• Cells lack transmembrane receptors to specific hormones, cytokines, and neurotransmitters.

Protein Synthesis

• A simplified schematic of protein synthesis is mentioned but not detailed.

Homeostasis

• Homeostasis is the relative consistency of the internal environment.
• It's maintained by negative feedback loops.

Negative Feedback Loop

• Stimulus: Initiates a change in a variable.
• Receptor: Detects the change.
• Control center: Processes the information and sends instructions.
• Effector: Brings about the response to counteract the change.
• Negative feedback loops maintain homeostasis, moving a system away from an imbalance to a state of balance.

Blood Composition

• Blood is comprised of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and plasma.
• Erythrocytes have a diameter of 7.5 μm and a thickness of 2.0 μm at the rim.
• Different species of animals have distinct erythrocyte shapes and sizes. Examples include canine and parrot erythrocytes.

Blood Vessels

• Details on Blood Vessels are present but not specific enough for notes.

Internal Anatomy of the Heart

• The heart's internal anatomy is described. Details of different parts (e.g., Aorta, Left Pulmonary Artery, Left Atrium, Left ventricle, Interventricular septum, Superior vena cava, Pulmonary trunk, Right atrium, Right ventricle, Inferior vena cava) are listed.

Cardiomyocytes - Cardiac Muscle Cells

• Contractile cardiomyocytes vs. Autorhythmic cells (pacemaker cells) are mentioned. The intrinsic conduction system of the heart is referred to.

Electrocardiography (ECG/EKG)

• Electrocardiography is mentioned as a method of recording electrical activity of the heart but no details.

Cardiac Output

• Cardiac output (CO) is the volume of blood pumped by a ventricle in one minute.
• CO = Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV).

Respiratory System - General

• The respiratory system's major functions are mentioned, but not specified.
• Contains sections on upper respiratory system, lower respiratory system, and functional units.
• Learning objectives include understanding the system's structure, function, gas transport, and differences between mammals and birds.

Properties of Mammalian Respiratory System

• Properties of the mammalian respiratory system are mentioned without specifics.

Surface Tension and Surfactant

• Surfactant reduces surface tension in the lungs.

Mechanics of Breathing - Pulmonary Ventilation

• Basic mechanisms of breathing (i.e., pulmonary ventilation) are referenced without detail.

Boyle's Law

• Boyle's Law describes the relationship between pressure and volume in the lungs during inhalation and exhalation.
• Pressures like atmospheric, intrapulmonary, and intrapleural are linked to the process.

Inspiration/Expiration

• Processes of inhalation and exhalation are described without significant detail.

Respiratory Volumes

• Tidal Volume, Inspiratory Reserve Volume, Expiratory Reserve Volume, Vital Capacity, and Residual Volume are key respiratory terms and their definitions are indicated.

Dead Space

• Dead space is the volume of inspired air that doesn't participate in gas exchange.

Gas Exchange

• External and Internal respiration defined.
• Processes are influenced by partial pressures.

Gas Concepts

• Gas pressure laws are mentioned but not sufficiently elaborated.

Henry's Law

• Henry's Law explains the relationship between gas solubility and partial pressure.

Oxygen Transport

• Oxygen is transported in blood in two ways: dissolved and bound to hemoglobin.

Loading and Unloading Reactions

• Loading and unloading of oxygen in the blood are processes of oxygen entering and leaving the blood.
• These reactions are pressure-dependent.

Carbon Dioxide Transport

• Carbon dioxide is transported in several forms in blood (dissolved, bound to hemoglobin, as bicarbonate).

Chloride Shift

• Chloride shift maintains ionic balance. This involves the exchange of chloride ions for bicarbonate ions across the red blood cell membrane.

Avian Respiration

• Avian respiration is explained through key differences and their gas exchange mechanism.
• Comparisons between mammalian and avian respiratory systems are provided.
• Avian respiration differs significantly from mammalian respiration in gas exchange mechanisms and structures.