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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of lymphokines in the immune response?
What is the primary function of lymphokines in the immune response?
Which of the following correctly describes acquired (adaptive) immunity?
Which of the following correctly describes acquired (adaptive) immunity?
Which cells are primarily responsible for mediating humoral immunity?
Which cells are primarily responsible for mediating humoral immunity?
What defines the primary humoral response compared to the secondary response?
What defines the primary humoral response compared to the secondary response?
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What is one of the roles of the immune system in maintaining homeostasis?
What is one of the roles of the immune system in maintaining homeostasis?
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What characterizes a hypersensitivity disorder?
What characterizes a hypersensitivity disorder?
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What is the role of IgE in hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the role of IgE in hypersensitivity reactions?
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Which factor does NOT influence hypersensitivity reactions?
Which factor does NOT influence hypersensitivity reactions?
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Which assessment finding is considered subjective data in hypersensitivity evaluation?
Which assessment finding is considered subjective data in hypersensitivity evaluation?
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What is a common laboratory test used in the diagnosis of hypersensitivity disorders?
What is a common laboratory test used in the diagnosis of hypersensitivity disorders?
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What immediate immune reaction is primarily mediated by B-lymphocytes?
What immediate immune reaction is primarily mediated by B-lymphocytes?
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Which nursing diagnosis could be relevant for a patient with severe allergies?
Which nursing diagnosis could be relevant for a patient with severe allergies?
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What type of reaction is characterized by contact dermatitis occurring within 6-48 hours?
What type of reaction is characterized by contact dermatitis occurring within 6-48 hours?
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Which of the following fruits may trigger a reaction in individuals with a latex allergy?
Which of the following fruits may trigger a reaction in individuals with a latex allergy?
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What is the most appropriate treatment for a mild transfusion reaction?
What is the most appropriate treatment for a mild transfusion reaction?
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In which time frame do the most severe transfusion reactions typically occur?
In which time frame do the most severe transfusion reactions typically occur?
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What is a common symptom of moderate transfusion reactions?
What is a common symptom of moderate transfusion reactions?
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What is one of the best strategies to minimize serious latex allergies in a healthcare setting?
What is one of the best strategies to minimize serious latex allergies in a healthcare setting?
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What type of immunological reaction involves immediate responses up to anaphylaxis?
What type of immunological reaction involves immediate responses up to anaphylaxis?
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During which time frame must blood administration be completed to prevent bacterial growth?
During which time frame must blood administration be completed to prevent bacterial growth?
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Which symptom is associated with severe transfusion reactions? (Select all that apply)
Which symptom is associated with severe transfusion reactions? (Select all that apply)
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What is the most severe allergic reaction primarily classified as?
What is the most severe allergic reaction primarily classified as?
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Which clinical manifestation is indicative of anaphylaxis? (select all that apply)
Which clinical manifestation is indicative of anaphylaxis? (select all that apply)
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What is the role of epinephrine in the treatment of anaphylaxis?
What is the role of epinephrine in the treatment of anaphylaxis?
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What self-care management technique can help prevent anaphylaxis?
What self-care management technique can help prevent anaphylaxis?
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What might be a severe outcome of untreated anaphylaxis?
What might be a severe outcome of untreated anaphylaxis?
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Which of the following is an indicator of poor respiratory status in an anaphylactic patient?
Which of the following is an indicator of poor respiratory status in an anaphylactic patient?
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When should epinephrine be administered for anaphylaxis?
When should epinephrine be administered for anaphylaxis?
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What percentage of healthcare workers are potentially sensitized to latex due to frequent exposure?
What percentage of healthcare workers are potentially sensitized to latex due to frequent exposure?
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Which of the following items frequently contains latex, contributing to potential allergic reactions?
Which of the following items frequently contains latex, contributing to potential allergic reactions?
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Study Notes
I. The Immune System
- Adaptive Immunity: A specific reaction to each invading antigen, able to remember previous attacks.
- Allergen: A substance causing a hypersensitive reaction, not necessarily harmful.
- Anaphylactic Shock: A severe, potentially fatal allergic reaction.
- Antigen: A substance recognized as foreign, triggering an immune response.
- Attenuated: Weakening the virulence (harmfulness) of a disease organism.
- Autoimmune: Immune response targeting the body's own tissues.
- Autologous: Originating within the individual.
- Cellular Immunity: Acquired immunity dominated by small T cells.
- Humoral Immunity: Acquired immunity responding to antigens like bacteria and foreign tissue, mediated by B cells.
- Hypersensitivity: Excessive reaction to a stimulus.
- Immunity: The quality of being resistant to a particular disease.
- Immunization: Process inducing resistance to infection.
- Immunocompetence: The ability of the immune system to respond to antigens.
- Immunodeficiency: A condition with inadequate immune system response.
- Immunogen: A substance provoking an immune response.
- Immunology: The study of the immune system.
- Immunosuppressive: Agents suppressing the immune system's response.
- Immunotherapy: Treatment using increasing doses of offending allergens.
- Innate Immunity: The body's initial defense, with physical and chemical barriers.
- Lymphokine: Chemical factors released by T cells, attracting macrophages.
- Plasmapheresis: Removal of plasma components causing disease.
II. Functions of the Immune System
- Protecting the body's internal environment from invaders (destroying antigens and pathogens).
- Maintaining homeostasis by removing damaged cells.
- Serving as a surveillance network, recognizing and guarding against abnormal cells.
III. Types of Immunity
- Natural (Innate) Immunity:
- Body's first line of defense, using physical and chemical barriers.
- Protecting internal/external environments using skin, mucous membranes, and secretions.
- Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity:
- Body's second line of defense, activated when the first line fails.
- Using specialized cells and tissues (thymus, spleen) for specific immunity.
- Creating antibodies to specific antigens, both naturally and artificially.
- Maintaining an "immune memory" to quickly respond on subsequent exposures.
IV. Aging and the Immune System
- Aging negatively impacts the immune system, decreasing thymus size and activity,
- Decreasing activation ability of T and B cells, shortening their lifespan.
- Memory cells accumulate, while bone marrow remains relatively unaffected.
V. Immunocompetence, Immunodeficiency, and Autoimmunity
- Immunocompetent: Normal functioning immune system.
- Immunodeficiency: Inadequate immune function.
- T-Cell, B-cell, and combined T and B-cell deficiencies are described.
- Autoimmunity: Immune response to one's own tissues.
VI. Hypersensitivity Disorders
- Excessive immune response to a harmless substance (allergen).
- Allergic symptoms varying from mild to severe, due to IgE, humoral, or cellular reactions.
- Exposure to allergens (e.g., pollen) triggers an immune response.
VII. Anaphylaxis
- Acute/potentially fatal allergic reaction, rapid onset, severe and possibly fatal reactions.
- Respiratory and cardiovascular symptoms: predominant and early recognition is critical.
- Assessment: Early recognition and immediate treatment are essential.
VIII. Latex Allergy
- Latex exposure can induce sensitization, resulting in an allergic reaction.
- Exposure through common items (gloves, medical equipment).
- Allergic reaction can range from skin irritation to full-blown anaphylaxis.
- Similar proteins in latex and certain foods can cause allergic cross-reactions.
IX. Transfusion Reactions
- Mismatched blood transfusions can lead to various reactions, ranging from mild to severe.
- Transfusion timing is critical to prevent bacterial growth.
- Symptoms can range from mild skin irritation to severe, life-threatening complications.
X. Organ Transplant
- Transfer of healthy organs/tissues between individuals.
- Immune system's rejection response needs to be addressed before/during transplant.
XI. Autografting
- Transferring tissue from one body part to another within the same individual; rarely rejected.
XII. Allografting
- Transfer tissue between members of the same biological species.
- More likely to be rejected than autografts because of different genetic material.
XIII. Isografting
- Transferring tissue between genetically identical individuals (e.g., twins).
- Less likely to be rejected because of identical genetic material.
XIV. Tissue Rejection
- Rejection is a delayed response; takes days to develop after transfusion/transplant.
- Immune cells can recognize the foreign tissue and attack it.
- Chemical agents are sometimes used to combat this response.
XV. Immunodeficiency Disorders
- Characterized by increased susceptibility to infections.
- Can manifest as recurrent, chronic, and severe infections.
- Can involve primary or secondary immune deficiencies.
XVI. Autoimmune Disorders
- Immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues.
- Can cause diverse body-system inflammation.
- Can stem from various factors like environmental exposure, genetics, and viral infections.
XVII. Plasmapheresis
- Removal of diseased components from the plasma.
- Replacing bad plasma components with a saline/albumin solution.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the immune system with this quiz that covers key concepts such as adaptive immunity, allergens, and anaphylactic shock. Understand how different responses like cellular and humoral immunity work, and explore the various types of immunity and immunization processes. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their understanding of this essential topic.
