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Questions and Answers
A sexual reproduction process can lead to a haploid zygote as an immediate outcome of meiosis.
A sexual reproduction process can lead to a haploid zygote as an immediate outcome of meiosis.
False
Anisogamy refers to the condition where haploid reproductive cells are identical in size.
Anisogamy refers to the condition where haploid reproductive cells are identical in size.
False
Sexual reproduction is advantageous for speeding up adaptation in changing environments.
Sexual reproduction is advantageous for speeding up adaptation in changing environments.
True
The two-fold cost of sex indicates that sexual reproduction allows an individual to pass on all of its genetic material.
The two-fold cost of sex indicates that sexual reproduction allows an individual to pass on all of its genetic material.
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The life cycle of an organism refers specifically to the stages in its nutritional habits.
The life cycle of an organism refers specifically to the stages in its nutritional habits.
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The fusion of gametes results in the formation of haploid individuals.
The fusion of gametes results in the formation of haploid individuals.
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Sexual reproduction can eliminate deleterious alleles from a population over generations.
Sexual reproduction can eliminate deleterious alleles from a population over generations.
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Most sperm cells from angiosperms are flagellated.
Most sperm cells from angiosperms are flagellated.
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Angiosperms make up approximately 90% of all living plant species.
Angiosperms make up approximately 90% of all living plant species.
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The carpel of a flower is a modified leaf that produces the microgametophyte.
The carpel of a flower is a modified leaf that produces the microgametophyte.
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Pollination in angiosperms requires water for the transfer of sperm to the female egg.
Pollination in angiosperms requires water for the transfer of sperm to the female egg.
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Sequoia sempervirens refers to the Aleppo pine species.
Sequoia sempervirens refers to the Aleppo pine species.
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Anopheles gambiae has a diploid life cycle.
Anopheles gambiae has a diploid life cycle.
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Individuals with sickle cell anemia have a survival disadvantage in regions where malaria is prevalent.
Individuals with sickle cell anemia have a survival disadvantage in regions where malaria is prevalent.
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Meiosis occurs within the sporozoites of Plasmodium falciparum.
Meiosis occurs within the sporozoites of Plasmodium falciparum.
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Dinoflagellates can cause 'Red tide' through explosive population growth.
Dinoflagellates can cause 'Red tide' through explosive population growth.
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The 'S' allele provides a higher frequency of Plasmodium falciparum infection.
The 'S' allele provides a higher frequency of Plasmodium falciparum infection.
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Bioluminescence in dinoflagellates is a result of the production and emission of light.
Bioluminescence in dinoflagellates is a result of the production and emission of light.
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Heterozygote advantage increases the frequency of the 'A' allele in malaria-endemic regions.
Heterozygote advantage increases the frequency of the 'A' allele in malaria-endemic regions.
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Oocysts are involved in the fertilization process of Plasmodium falciparum.
Oocysts are involved in the fertilization process of Plasmodium falciparum.
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Changes in temperatures and water pollution can trigger the population growth of dinoflagellates.
Changes in temperatures and water pollution can trigger the population growth of dinoflagellates.
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Mutations in the CLV3 gene decrease flower number in Arabidopsis.
Mutations in the CLV3 gene decrease flower number in Arabidopsis.
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The apical meristem is responsible for differentiating and determining cell identity based on genetic programming alone.
The apical meristem is responsible for differentiating and determining cell identity based on genetic programming alone.
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The WUS gene is responsible for promoting stem cell proliferation in plants.
The WUS gene is responsible for promoting stem cell proliferation in plants.
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Plants are incapable of responding to environmental factors like light and nutrients due to their lack of movement.
Plants are incapable of responding to environmental factors like light and nutrients due to their lack of movement.
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The CLV3-WUS signaling pathway plays a critical role in coordinating stem cell proliferation and differentiation.
The CLV3-WUS signaling pathway plays a critical role in coordinating stem cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Irregular shoot formation in Arabidopsis can result from mutations in the WUS gene.
Irregular shoot formation in Arabidopsis can result from mutations in the WUS gene.
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A negative feedback loop exists between CLV3 and WUS regarding cell differentiation and proliferation.
A negative feedback loop exists between CLV3 and WUS regarding cell differentiation and proliferation.
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Indeterminate growth in plants means that their growth is entirely predetermined by genetic factors.
Indeterminate growth in plants means that their growth is entirely predetermined by genetic factors.
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The primary role of roots is to maximize exposure to sunlight and CO2.
The primary role of roots is to maximize exposure to sunlight and CO2.
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Growth and cell identity in plants depends solely on the cell line of origin.
Growth and cell identity in plants depends solely on the cell line of origin.
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Bryophytes are a monophyletic group of all non-vascular plants.
Bryophytes are a monophyletic group of all non-vascular plants.
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Plasticity in plant architecture refers to the ability to adapt growth based on resource availability.
Plasticity in plant architecture refers to the ability to adapt growth based on resource availability.
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The life cycle of Bryophytes is dominated by sporophytes.
The life cycle of Bryophytes is dominated by sporophytes.
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Marchantia polymorpha can reproduce asexually through gemmae.
Marchantia polymorpha can reproduce asexually through gemmae.
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Tracheophytes are characterized by their presence of specialized tissues that transport water and nutrients.
Tracheophytes are characterized by their presence of specialized tissues that transport water and nutrients.
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In bryophytes, rhizoids are responsible for the absorption of water and minerals.
In bryophytes, rhizoids are responsible for the absorption of water and minerals.
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Water is essential for both spore germination and sperm cell swimming in bryophytes.
Water is essential for both spore germination and sperm cell swimming in bryophytes.
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Vascularization in plants allows for the equal distribution of sunlight, CO2, nutrients, and H2O.
Vascularization in plants allows for the equal distribution of sunlight, CO2, nutrients, and H2O.
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The gametophyte stage in tracheophytes is larger and more complex than the sporophyte stage.
The gametophyte stage in tracheophytes is larger and more complex than the sporophyte stage.
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Cells positioned in different environments do not affect plant growth and identity.
Cells positioned in different environments do not affect plant growth and identity.
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Study Notes
Topic 8: The Tree of Life
- Life on Earth uses carbon (C), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N) in organic molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, fatty acids, and nucleic acids
- The seven properties of life are: cellular organization, energy and metabolism, reproduction, heredity and evolution, growth and development, regulation and homeostasis, and response to stimuli
- Viruses are not considered living organisms because they lack cellular organization, internal metabolism, growth, and development
- The age of the universe is 13.8 billion years, the age of Earth is 4.6 billion years, and the first direct evidence of life is 3.5 billion years
- Fossils are preserved remnants or impressions of past organisms. Stromatolites are layered rocks formed by photosynthetic prokaryotes. First evidence of life was found in Stromatolites.
- Stanley Miller's experiment (1953) showed that organic molecules (amino acids, etc.) can form from inorganic compounds under early Earth conditions.
- Protocells are precursors to cells, arising from the packaging of organic molecules.
- RNA molecules can function as catalysts (ribozymes) and self-replicate
- The fossil record provides evidence for the evolution of organisms. Methods for dating fossils include relative dating and radiometric dating
- The Burgess Shale is a fossil site that has significantly contributed to the understanding of animal evolution.
- Mass extinctions are periods of dramatic ecological change.
- Adaptive radiations are periods of rapid diversification that follow mass extinctions.
- The Tree of Life describes the evolutionary relationships between all organisms (living and extinct). Similarities in morphology, anatomy, or genetic sequences are used to group species together. This tree is constantly refined with new data.
- Geological data helps to determine the relative and absolute ages of rock layers, and correlate them to fossils that are found. This gives further information regarding the evolution of organisms over time
- Biostratigraphy uses the characteristic fossil composition of different time periods to understand the chronological order of geological strata. Foraminifera is an example of a good biological marker for short time periods of geological history due to their widespread distribution.
- Radiometric dating uses changes in the isotope composition of magmatic rocks to determine absolute ages, but not suitable for sedimentary rocks.
- The fossil record is often incomplete due to the destruction of fossils over time, and biases towards species with hard shells
- The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
- The last universal common ancestor (LUCA) is the most recent common ancestor to all living organisms. Some of LUCA's genes were likely present in the original genome of LUCA
- The Tree of Life is a constantly changing understanding of evolutionary relationships between living organisms, based on the latest data analysis
Topic 9: Bacteria and Archaea
- 750,000 species of bacteria are estimated (though many are still undiscovered).
- Prokaryotes are a paraphyletic group
- Prokaryotes lack a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and have a circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region. Prokaryotic DNA is often circular and less complex.
- Characteristics of prokaryotic cells include: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, circular chromosome, fimbriae, capsule, and absence of organelles
- Bacteria are classified into Gram-positive and Gram-negative based on cell wall structure. Gram-negative bacteria tend to be more resistant to water-soluble antibiotics.
- Prokaryotes can reproduce asexually through binary fission or through horizontal transfer via conjugation, transduction, or transformation.
- Prokaryotes can evolve rapidly due to mutations and horizontal gene transfer
- Prokaryotes are crucial for nutrient cycling and have a crucial role in many ecosystems.
- Nutritional requirements vary based on the source of carbon and energy (photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs)
Topic 10: Eukaryotes
- Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. They are more complex than prokaryotes
- The major characteristics of eukaryotes are: eukaryotes have a nucleus, membrane-bound compartments (organelles which have specialised functions), a cytoskeleton which gives the cell its shape, cytosol (fluid inside the cell, which contains everything within the cell excluding the nucleus and organelles), and a plasma membrane which controls what enters and leaves the cell
- Endosymbiosis is a process where one organism lives within another to both organisms' mutual benefit. A specific example of this is mitochondria and chloroplasts
- The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
- The evolution of multicellularity occurred repeatedly and separately in different lineages of eukaryotes.
- The different types of life cycles are: apolontic, diplontic, and haplo-diplontic
- There is great diversity among eukaryotes.
- Eukaryotes include protists, fungi, plants, and animals, and can be characterized in different ways such as nutrition (photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, mixotrophs) and reproduction (asexual and sexual)
Topic 11: The Evolution of Plants
- Plants are a monophyletic group
- Plants are also eukaryotes
- Plants are photoautotrophs
- Plant cells walls contain cellulose
- Plants have chloroplasts for photosynthesis. They contain Chlorophylls to capture light energy
- Plants have vascular systems for water and nutrient transport, and stomata for gas exchange
- Plants are divided into nonvascular and vascular plants
- The earliest plants were nonvascular (bryophytes) that colonized land around 470 million years ago. Bryophytes require water for reproduction.
- Seed plants (spermatophytes) are a group of plants that evolved specialized structures (e.g., seeds and pollen) for reproduction in dry terrestrial environments.
- Angiosperms are flowering plants. They evolved seed plants around 300-500 mya. Their reproductive strategies are particularly advanced.
- Plants have indeterminate growth, with the ability to continuously grow over time due to meristems (undifferentiated plant cells)
Topic 12: The Evolution of Animals I
- Animals are a monophyletic group of eukaryotes characterized by multicellularity, heterotrophy, and (typically) movement.
- Animals are mostly multicellular
- Animals have specific requirements that differentiate them from plants such as heterotrophy, movement, and sexual reproduction
- Animals are divided into different phyla that vary in characteristics such as body plans, embryogenesis and other aspects of biology
- Animals have different body plans, including radial and bilateral symmetry, which influence different features of their morphology. All these body plans have different features to allow for the survival of an animal in its environment
- Hox genes are regulatory genes that control the placement and organization of body parts in animals
- Some animals exhibit larval stages in their life cycle
- The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
- Asexual and sexual reproduction are the two major strategies for animal reproduction
- Different types of reproduction include budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of sexual reproduction in this quiz, which covers key concepts such as meiosis, gamete formation, and the advantages of sexual reproduction. Test your knowledge on angiosperms and their reproductive processes, including pollination and the life cycle of plants.
