Biology Chapter on Respiration and Speciation
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the diaphragm?

  • To circulate blood
  • To absorb nutrients
  • To protect the lungs
  • To facilitate breathing (correct)

    • Air moves from regions of lower pressure to regions of higher pressure.

    False (B)

    What is the role of mucus in the nasal cavity?

    To trap dust, bacteria, and other particles.

    The ______ covers the entrance to the larynx to prevent food from entering it.

    <p>epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory structures with their functions:

    <p>Alveoli = Gas exchange Trachea = Windpipe Larynx = Voice production Nasal cavity = Air warming and filtering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes a characteristic of alveoli?

    <p>They occupy most of the lung volume. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The small bronchioles lead directly to the alveoli.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lung disorder is characterized by chronic inflammation and excessive mucus production?

    <p>asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanism?

    <p>Behavioural Isolation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gametic Isolation is a postzygotic barrier.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is allopatric speciation?

    <p>Speciation due to a geographical barrier that separates populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In __________ Isolation, species breed at different times of the year.

    <p>Temporal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the reproductive isolating mechanism with its description:

    <p>Mechanical Isolation = Different body parts cannot mate Hybrid Infertility = Hybrid offspring are sterile Zygotic Mortality = Zygote fails to develop Gametic Isolation = Sperm and egg do not recognize each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of isolation would describe frogs using unique calls to attract their specific mates?

    <p>Behavioural Isolation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hybrid inviability occurs when a hybrid develops but dies before birth.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of hybrid infertility?

    <p>The hybrid is healthy and viable but cannot reproduce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Batesian mimicry?

    <p>A harmless species resembling a harmful species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An adaptation is a temporary change that helps an organism survive.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the effect of the Industrial Revolution on the population of the English peppered moth?

    <p>The population of black moths increased while the flecked moths decreased.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A __________ is a permanent change in the genetic material of an organism.

    <p>mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a cause of variation among individuals?

    <p>Same genetic material (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their definitions:

    <p>Adaptation = A change that helps an organism survive Mutagen = An environmental agent that causes mutations Mimicry = Resembling another species for survival Evolution = The change in population over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After the Clean-Air Legislation in the 1950s what happened to the population of the flecked moth?

    <p>The population of flecked moths increased.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mullerian mimicry involves a harmless species mimicking a harmful one.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of genetic cross involves two individuals differing by one trait?

    <p>Monohybrid cross (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a dihybrid cross, the offspring can be affected even if neither parent shows the trait.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the genetic situation where neither allele is completely dominant and results in an intermediate phenotype?

    <p>Incomplete dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type AB blood has both _____ and _____ glycoproteins present on red blood cells.

    <p>A, B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following blood types with their corresponding genotype:

    <p>Type A = IA IA or IA i Type B = IB IB or IB i Type AB = IA IB Type O = ii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes codominance?

    <p>Both alleles are equally expressed in the phenotype. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    X-linked recessive traits will always be expressed in males.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a Punnett square illustrate in genetics?

    <p>The potential genetic outcomes of offspring from a genetic cross.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do transitional fossils provide evidence for?

    <p>Intermediary links between groups of organisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vestigial structures are functional parts of modern organisms that have no ancestral origin.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does biogeography study?

    <p>The geographical distribution of species populations in the past and present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Homologous structures have similar structural elements and origin, but may have different __________.

    <p>function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of selection to its description:

    <p>Stabilizing selection = Favors common or intermediate phenotypes Directional selection = Favors one extreme phenotype over others Disruptive selection = Favors extreme phenotypes at both ends of the spectrum Natural selection = Process that shapes species over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does DNA contribute to our understanding of evolution?

    <p>It indicates relatedness through similar sequences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Analagous structures share a common evolutionary origin.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does embryology reveal in the study of evolution?

    <p>Evolutionary relationships between animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During conjugation, what is transferred from one cell to another?

    <p>Chromosomes through plasmids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vertebrates do not have a backbone.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process called that creates gametes carrying different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes?

    <p>Independent Assortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In animals, those that do not possess a backbone are referred to as __________.

    <p>invertebrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following genetic disorders with their corresponding trisomy:

    <p>Downs = Trisomy 21 Edwards = Trisomy 18 Patau = Trisomy 13</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reproduction primarily results in new genetic combinations in cells?

    <p>Conjugation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called in which the chromosomes are pulled apart during cell division?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Animals are classified as __________ based on the presence of a backbone.

    <p>vertebrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of mitosis does the nuclear membrane reappear?

    <p>Telophase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    SBI 3U Exam Review - Diversity Unit

    • Binomial Nomenclature: The scientific name uses the genus name (capitalized) and species name (lower case). Scientific names are italicized when typed, and underlined when handwritten.

    Species Concepts

    • Morphological Species Concept: Defines species based on physical characteristics like shape, size, and other structural features. Advantages include being simple and easily applicable to many organisms, particularly plants. Disadvantages include difficulties in defining variations among diverse individuals.

    • Biological Species Concept: Defines species based on whether two organisms can produce fertile offspring. Advantages include its broad use in science. Disadvantages include difficulties with applying the concept to populations that are geographically separated, asexually reproducing organisms, and fossils.

    • Phylogenetic Species Concept: Defines species based on evolutionary history (phylogeny). Advantages include its applicability to extinct species, use of DNA analysis, and help in identifying new species. Disadvantages include the difficulty of obtaining evolutionary histories for all species.

    Taxonomic Categories

    • Hierarchy of Rank: Organisms are categorized into a hierarchical system, from Domain to Species (e.g., Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species). (KP COFGS)

    • Dichotomous Key: A system that helps narrow down the identification of an unknown species one step at a time. It uses a series of either/or questions (e.g., Does it have fur?).

    Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

    • Prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea): Smaller in size with circular DNA not bound by a membrane, single chromosome, mostly asexual reproduction, lack membrane-bound organelles, and generally anaerobic metabolism.

    • Eukaryotes (Protists, Plants, Fungi, and Animals): Larger in size with DNA enclosed in a nucleus, multiple chromosomes, mostly sexual reproduction, presence of membrane-bound organelles, and most are aerobic metabolism.

    Viruses

    • Lytic Cycle: Viruses quickly replicate, assemble new viral particles and release them, killing host cell in the process.
    • Lysogenic Cycle: Viruses incorporate their DNA into the host chromosome and remain dormant.

    Organisms in Extreme and Moderate Habitats

    • Mesophiles: Organisms that live in moderate, less extreme habitats
    • Extremophiles: Organisms that live in extreme environments

    Cell Division

    • Binary Fission: A type of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes. The cell copies its DNA, and elongates, then splits into two identical daughter cells.
    • Conjugation: A form of sexual reproduction in prokaryotes, where one cell links to another and transfers part (or all) of its chromosomal content through plasmids.

    Animal Diversity

    • Invertebrates: Animals without backbones.
    • Vertebrates: Animals with backbones.

    Multicellular Diversity

    • Animals are eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that are heterotrophs
    • Animals typically ingest and digest food. They generally exhibit mobility and reproduce sexually.

    Genetics

    • Karyotype: A photograph of the pairs of homologous chromosomes in a cell.
    • Disorders: Can be identified using karyotype analysis (e.g., Trisomy 21, Trisomy 18, Trisomy 13).

    Cell Division and Reproduction

    • Mitosis: Cell division that produces two identical daughter cells (used for growth and repair).
    • Meiosis: Cell division to produce gametes (egg and sperm), involved in sexual reproduction.
    • Genetic Crosses: Different types of genetic crosses involve monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, involving one or more traits.

    Complex Inheritance Patterns

    • Incomplete dominance results in an intermediate phenotype (e.g. pink flowers from red and white parent plants)
    • Codominance is when both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygote (e.g., roan cow with red and white hairs).
    • Sex-linked traits are carried on the sex chromosomes.

    Evolution

    • Adaptation: A trait or structure that increases an organism's survival and reproductive success in a given environment.
    • Mimicry: An adaptation in which a harmless species resembles a harmful species in coloration or structure. Batesian mimics share signals with dangerous models.
    • Mutations: A permanent change in genetic material; the only source of new genetic variation. Mutagens such as UV radiation can increase mutation rates.
    • Natural Selection: Changes in allele frequencies within a population caused by the environment selecting for specific traits, aiding in survival and reproduction.
    • Artificial Selection: Selective pressure exerted by humans to improve or modify desirable traits in populations
    • Evolutionary Factors: Factors (e.g., gene flow, nonrandom mating, genetic drift, natural selection) that can cause changes in allele frequencies of a population over time.

    Molecular Biology

    • DNA Barcoding: A technique to determine the evolutionary relationships between species by comparing similarities in their DNA sequences.
    • Differences in DNA Sequences: if two species share similar DNA sequences, this indicates they inherited these DNA sequences from a common ancestor

    Plant Unit

    • Monocots vs. Dicots: Monocots are plants that possess one cotyledon, flower parts in multiples or threes, and usually have parallel veins. Dicots typically have two cotyledons, flower parts in multiples or fours/fives, and have reticulated leaf venation.

    Digestive System

    • Enzymes: Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions. Examples include salivary amylase (mouth), pepsin (stomach), trypsin and chymotrypsin (small intestine).
    • Digestion: Includes physical breakdown of food and chemical breakdown by enzymes. The digestive system breaks down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into smaller molecules, absorbed by the intestinal wall.

    Respiratory System

    • Lung function: Involves the intake of oxygen from the external environment into the blood, and the expulsion of carbon dioxide.
    • Gas exchange: Occurs in the lungs, where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood.
    • COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - a chronic lung disease that causes difficulty breathing.

    Circulatory System

    • Heart Anatomy: The heart has four chambers (two atria, two ventricles) and valves. Electrical impulses move blood through the heart effectively.
    • Blood Vessels: Arteries carry the blood away from the heart, veins carry it towards the heart; and capillaries facilitate the exchange of nutrients and gases in the system.
    • Disorders: High Blood Pressure (hypertension) and Arteriosclerosis (hardening of arteries due to plaque buildup)

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the functions of the diaphragm, structures of the respiratory system, and concepts of reproductive isolation and speciation. Test your knowledge on key mechanisms related to breathing and the evolutionary processes that differentiate species. Ideal for students studying biology at any level.

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