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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the corpus luteum?
What is the primary function of the corpus luteum?
The menstrual cycle has four distinct phases.
The menstrual cycle has four distinct phases.
False (B)
What hormone causes the ruptured follicle to become the corpus luteum?
What hormone causes the ruptured follicle to become the corpus luteum?
LH
Fertilization typically occurs in the __________.
Fertilization typically occurs in the __________.
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Match the phases of the menstrual cycle with their descriptions:
Match the phases of the menstrual cycle with their descriptions:
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What is the primary function of the mammary glands?
What is the primary function of the mammary glands?
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Menopause occurs when ovulation and menstruation continue indefinitely.
Menopause occurs when ovulation and menstruation continue indefinitely.
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What are the stages of labor?
What are the stages of labor?
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The blastocyst starts to secrete __________ to maintain hormone production.
The blastocyst starts to secrete __________ to maintain hormone production.
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At what stage does the embryo first enter the uterus?
At what stage does the embryo first enter the uterus?
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The functional layer of the endometrial lining is fully prepared for implantation at the time of embryo entry.
The functional layer of the endometrial lining is fully prepared for implantation at the time of embryo entry.
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What is the main role of the luteal phase in the menstrual cycle?
What is the main role of the luteal phase in the menstrual cycle?
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What is the primary function of the uterus?
What is the primary function of the uterus?
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The vagina serves as a pathway for menstrual fluid to exit the body.
The vagina serves as a pathway for menstrual fluid to exit the body.
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What structures are included in the external genitalia?
What structures are included in the external genitalia?
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Match the following uterine layers with their functions:
Match the following uterine layers with their functions:
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Oogonia are the female _____ cells found in a developing fetus.
Oogonia are the female _____ cells found in a developing fetus.
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What triggers ovulation in the female reproductive system?
What triggers ovulation in the female reproductive system?
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The hymen completely seals the vagina until it is ruptured.
The hymen completely seals the vagina until it is ruptured.
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Where does fertilization typically occur?
Where does fertilization typically occur?
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The outer layer of the uterus is called the _____ layer.
The outer layer of the uterus is called the _____ layer.
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Which region of the uterus protrudes into the vagina?
Which region of the uterus protrudes into the vagina?
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At birth, female infants are born with a supply of thousands of mature eggs.
At birth, female infants are born with a supply of thousands of mature eggs.
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How long does spermatogenesis take?
How long does spermatogenesis take?
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The _____ is the site for fertilization and has finger-like extensions called fimbriae.
The _____ is the site for fertilization and has finger-like extensions called fimbriae.
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Match the component of a mature sperm cell with its function:
Match the component of a mature sperm cell with its function:
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Flashcards
Ovulation
Ovulation
Release of a secondary oocyte from the ovary.
Menstrual Cycle Stages
Menstrual Cycle Stages
Menses, Proliferative, Secretory phases, (Days 1-28).
Fertilization Location
Fertilization Location
Fallopian tube
Zygote Formation
Zygote Formation
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Sperm Viability
Sperm Viability
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Zygote Stage Location
Zygote Stage Location
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Blastocyst Structure
Blastocyst Structure
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Blastocyst Function
Blastocyst Function
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Embryo Development (Timing)
Embryo Development (Timing)
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Embryo Characteristics
Embryo Characteristics
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Mammary Gland Function
Mammary Gland Function
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Labor Stages (1)
Labor Stages (1)
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Labor Stages (2)
Labor Stages (2)
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Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis
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Primary spermatocyte
Primary spermatocyte
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Meiosis
Meiosis
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Spermatids
Spermatids
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Spermiogenesis
Spermiogenesis
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Acrosome
Acrosome
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Oogenesis
Oogenesis
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Follicle
Follicle
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Oocyte
Oocyte
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Uterine Tube
Uterine Tube
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Uterus
Uterus
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Endometrium
Endometrium
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Vagina
Vagina
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Oogonia
Oogonia
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Study Notes
Reproductive System Overview
- The reproductive system is responsible for gamete production, transport, maintenance, and the production of sex hormones.
Types of Cell Reproduction
- Asexual reproduction involves one cell dividing to create two identical daughter cells. Mitosis and binary fission are examples.
- Sexual reproduction involves two cells (e.g., egg and sperm) joining to form a new cell (zygote). Meiosis is an example.
Phases of the Cell Cycle
- Interphase:
- G1 – primary growth phase
- S – synthesis; DNA replicated
- G2 – secondary growth phase
- M – mitosis
- C – cytokinesis
Mitosis in an Animal Cell
- Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase. Mitosis results in two identical cells.
Stages of Meiosis
- Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Meiosis results in four cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original.
Types of Reproduction (Asexual)
- Binary fission: division in half, common in prokaryotes and some single-celled eukaryotes (e.g., bacteria, paramecia).
- Fragmentation: a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into new individuals.
- Budding: new individual grows from outgrowth of parent cell.
- Sporulation: process of releasing spores by parent cells (e.g., ferns).
Male Reproductive System
-
Organs produce and maintain sperm; transport sperm and supporting fluids; secrete male sex hormones. Primarily sex organ are testes (producing sperm and testosterone).
Testes
- Tunica albuginea (white coat): capsule surrounding testis.
- Septa: extensions of the capsule dividing testis into lobules.
- Seminiferous tubules: sperm-forming factories within lobules.
- Interstitial cells: produce androgens (e.g., testosterone).
- Rete testis: collects sperm from seminiferous tubules. Sperm travels through rete testis to epididymis.
Epididymis
- Comma-shaped, tightly coiled tube.
- Found on the superior portion of the testis.
- Stores sperm for maturation (at least 20 days).
- Expels sperm to the vas deferens.
Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens)
- Carries sperm by peristalsis.
- Passes through inguinal canal and over the bladder.
- Passes through the prostate gland (forming ejaculatory duct).
- Merges with the urethra to propel sperm into the urethra.
- Vasectomy: cutting of the ductus deferens.
Urethra
- Extends from base of the urinary bladder to tip of penis.
- Carries both urine and sperm.
- Prostatic urethra: surrounded by prostate.
- Membranous urethra: from prostatic urethra to penis.
- Spongy (penile) urethra: runs length of penis. Runs urine and sperm. Spongy urethra is within the penis.
Seminal Vesicles
- Located at base of bladder.
- Secretes a thick yellowish secretion (fructose, vitamin C, prostaglandins) that nourishes and activates sperm. 60% of semen.
Prostate Gland
- Encircles urethra below bladder.
- Secretes milky fluid to activate sperm and enhance motility.
Bulbourethral Glands
- Pea-sized glands inferior to prostate.
- Produce thick, clear mucus that cleanses the urethra of acidic urine (pre-ejaculate).
- Serves as a lubricant during intercourse.
Semen
- Mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions.
- Advantages include: energy for sperm, neutralization of vaginal acidity, inhibiting bacterial multiplication, enhancing motility.
External Genitalia
- Scrotum: sac of skin enclosing testes. Maintains temperature for sperm viability.
- Penis: male excitatory organ. Delivers sperm to female reproductive tract. Regions include; shaft, glans penis, and prepuce (foreskin).
Spermatogenesis
- Production of sperm cells.
- Begins at puberty and continues throughout life.
- Process in seminiferous tubules .
- Meiosis reduces chromosome number by half.
- Spermiogenesis is the last stage of sperm development.
Female Reproductive System
-
Produce female gametes (ova).
-
Protect and nurture a developing fetus.
Ovaries
- Primary reproductive organs.
Oogenesis
- Process of producing oocytes (immature egg cells). Occurs in the ovaries. Begins before birth.
Ovulation
- Release of secondary oocyte from ovary. Secondary oocyte is arrested in meiosis II.
Uterine Tubes (Fallopian Tubes)
- Tubes from ovaries to uterus; site of fertilization. Cilia move the oocyte towards uterus/fertilization occurs here.
Uterus
- Hollow muscular organ. Receives, retains, and nurtures fertilized egg. Parts include the body, fundus, and cervix.
- Layers: endometrium (inner layer for implantation), myometrium, and perimetrium.
Vagina
- Thin-walled tube extending from cervix to exterior. serves as birth canal.
External Genitalia
- Labia majora and minora: folds of skin.
- Clitoris: erectile tissue.
- Vestibule: area between labia. Contains urethral and vaginal orifices.
Menstrual Cycle
- Cyclic changes in the endometrium. Regulated by hormones FSH & LH.
- Stages: menses, proliferative, secretory (ovulation day 14).
Fertilization of Zygote
- Sperm penetrates secondary oocyte.
- Meiosis II is completed in oocyte.
- Genetic material of sperm and oocyte combine to form zygote
- Zygote begins rapid mitotic divisions (cleavage).
Embryo Development
- Cell division (cleavage); 2, 4, 16, 32 etc.
- Solid ball of cells (morula).
- Hollow ball of cells (blastocyst). Stage at which implantation occurs.
Mammary Glands
- Present in both sexes, but function only in females.
- Modified sweat glands (apocrine).
- Produce milk; stimulated by sex hormones (primarily estrogens).
Stages of Labor
- Dilation: cervix dilates.
- Expulsion: infant passes through vagina.
- Placental stage: placenta detaches and delivers.
Developmental Aspects of Reproductive System
- Reproductive organs do not function until puberty. Begins approximately ages 10-15 for females; the onset of puberty is associated with hormonal changes.
- First menstrual period (menarche) usually occurs about two years after start of puberty).
- Peak reproductive ability occurs in a woman's late 20s.
- Menopause: cessation of ovulation and menstruation (when a woman no longer ovulates or menstruates); ovaries stop functioning. Menopause will occur later in life for women who are exposed to or who take hormones.
- Male menopause: there is no equivalent in males; but there is a steady decline in testosterone.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- List of STDs: AIDS, chlamydia, genital herpes, genital warts, gonorrhea, syphilis, and hepatitis B.
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Description
Explore the intricacies of reproductive systems in this biology quiz. You'll dive into topics such as types of cell reproduction, the phases of the cell cycle, and the stages of mitosis and meiosis. Test your understanding of asexual and sexual reproduction as well.
