Biology Chapter on Reproductive Hormones

Mammalian Corpus Luteum

• The primary function is the production of progesterone, crucial for maintaining pregnancy.

Gonadotropin Activity in Pregnant Females

• High levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulate the synthesis of estrogen and progesterone, essential for embryo development.

Capacitation

• Capacitation refers to changes in the sperm before fertilization, necessary for successful fertilization to occur.

Hysterectomy

• A hysterectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the uterus.

Diploid Cells in Gametogenesis

• Spermatogonia are the only diploid cells during gametogenesis, as they undergo division to form sperm.

Initiation of Parturition

• Release of prolactin is not considered an important component in the initiation of parturition in humans. Key factors include prostaglandin synthesis, oxytocin release, and increased estrogen/progesterone ratio.

Ectopic Pregnancies

• Ectopic pregnancies occur when the embryo implants at a site other than the uterus, posing serious health risks.

Ovulation Events in Human Females

• A decrease in estradiol is not associated with ovulation; rather, an LH surge, full development of the Graafian follicle, and release of the secondary oocyte are key events.

Meiosis-II Completion

• In human females, meiosis-II is not completed until fertilization takes place.

Acellular Layer in Antral Follicle

• The zona pellucida represents the acellular layer in an antral follicle, providing protection and playing a role in fertilization.

Fertilization Feasibility

• Fertilization occurs effectively when sperm are transported simultaneously with the ovum to the ampullary-isthmic junction of the fallopian tube.

Incorrect Statements Regarding Hormones

• LH and FSH do not decrease gradually during the follicular phase, they are important for follicle development and ovulation.

GnRH Pulse Frequency Control

• Changes in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse frequency in females are controlled by circulating levels of estrogen and progesterone.

Inhibin Function

• Inhibin is produced by granulosa cells in the ovary and mainly inhibits the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

Hormones Produced by the Placenta

• Several hormones, including hCG, hPL, estrogen, and progesterone, are produced by the placenta during pregnancy.

Pathway of Transport of Sperm

• The correct pathways for sperm transport are Rete testis → Efferent ductules → Epididymis → Vas deferens.

Matching Terms Related to Reproductive Biology

• Mons pubis corresponds to female external genitalia, antrum to Graafian follicle, trophectoderm to embryo formation, and nebenkern to sperm.