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Questions and Answers
What is the biological process by which an organism reproduces a new individual of the same kind?
What is the biological process by which an organism reproduces a new individual of the same kind?
Reproduction
Reproduction helps in evolution as it offers the potential for genetic variation.
Reproduction helps in evolution as it offers the potential for genetic variation.
True (A)
Which of these is NOT a key term related to reproduction?
Which of these is NOT a key term related to reproduction?
- Chromosomes
- DNA
- Photosynthesis (correct)
- Chromatin
A basic event in reproduction is the creation of a DNA copy.
A basic event in reproduction is the creation of a DNA copy.
What are the differences present between individuals of the same species or different species called?
What are the differences present between individuals of the same species or different species called?
Only sexually reproducing organisms show variations.
Only sexually reproducing organisms show variations.
All variations are useful.
All variations are useful.
What is the primary advantage of variations being useful?
What is the primary advantage of variations being useful?
What is the most common way that variations help organisms adapt to a changing environment?
What is the most common way that variations help organisms adapt to a changing environment?
Which mode of reproduction involves only one organism and no production of gametes?
Which mode of reproduction involves only one organism and no production of gametes?
Which of the following is NOT a method of asexual reproduction?
Which of the following is NOT a method of asexual reproduction?
What is the process called when a unicellular organism divides into two or more daughter cells, each of which grows into an adult organism?
What is the process called when a unicellular organism divides into two or more daughter cells, each of which grows into an adult organism?
Which of these is NOT a type of fission?
Which of these is NOT a type of fission?
What is the main difference between binary fission and multiple fission?
What is the main difference between binary fission and multiple fission?
What is the process called where a daughter individual forms from a small projection, the bud, arising on the parent body?
What is the process called where a daughter individual forms from a small projection, the bud, arising on the parent body?
What process involves organisms breaking into smaller pieces, which grow into new individuals?
What process involves organisms breaking into smaller pieces, which grow into new individuals?
What is the ability of organisms to replace lost body parts by growth called?
What is the ability of organisms to replace lost body parts by growth called?
What is the process called in organisms like Rhizopus where asexual spores are produced in a swollen structure called a sporangium?
What is the process called in organisms like Rhizopus where asexual spores are produced in a swollen structure called a sporangium?
What are the two types of vegetative propagation?
What are the two types of vegetative propagation?
What is the process called where a propagule is cut from the parent plant and put into the soil to form a new plant?
What is the process called where a propagule is cut from the parent plant and put into the soil to form a new plant?
What is the process called where a branch with leaves is bent to the ground, and a part of the stem is buried in the soil, to grow a new plant?
What is the process called where a branch with leaves is bent to the ground, and a part of the stem is buried in the soil, to grow a new plant?
What is the process called where the stem of one plant (scion) is cut and attached to the root of another plant (stock) to form a single plant?
What is the process called where the stem of one plant (scion) is cut and attached to the root of another plant (stock) to form a single plant?
Vegetative propagation is a quick, cheap method to produce a large number of plants.
Vegetative propagation is a quick, cheap method to produce a large number of plants.
Vegetative propagation cannot be used to produce disease-free plants.
Vegetative propagation cannot be used to produce disease-free plants.
Vegetative propagation can be used to introduce desired characteristics into plants.
Vegetative propagation can be used to introduce desired characteristics into plants.
Vegetative propagation can only be used to produce plants with new and unique characteristics.
Vegetative propagation can only be used to produce plants with new and unique characteristics.
Vegetative propagation has a survival rate of almost 100% for the new plants.
Vegetative propagation has a survival rate of almost 100% for the new plants.
What process involves growing plant tissue in a suitable nutrient medium to produce new plants?
What process involves growing plant tissue in a suitable nutrient medium to produce new plants?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sexual reproduction?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sexual reproduction?
What are the specialized sex cells or germ cells that contribute to sexual reproduction called?
What are the specialized sex cells or germ cells that contribute to sexual reproduction called?
What is the fusion of male and female gametes called?
What is the fusion of male and female gametes called?
What is the cell formed as a result of fertilization called?
What is the cell formed as a result of fertilization called?
What is the primary significance of sexual reproduction?
What is the primary significance of sexual reproduction?
The parts of the plant responsible for pollination include the sepals, petals, anther, filament, stigma, style, ovary, and ovule.
The parts of the plant responsible for pollination include the sepals, petals, anther, filament, stigma, style, ovary, and ovule.
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the stigma of the carpel to the anther of the stamen.
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the stigma of the carpel to the anther of the stamen.
What are the two main types of pollination?
What are the two main types of pollination?
Cross-pollination is preferred over self-pollination because it increases genetic diversity and helps in natural selection.
Cross-pollination is preferred over self-pollination because it increases genetic diversity and helps in natural selection.
Which of the following is NOT an agent of pollination?
Which of the following is NOT an agent of pollination?
Fertilization occurs when the pollen tube reaches the ovule and releases two non-motile male gametes.
Fertilization occurs when the pollen tube reaches the ovule and releases two non-motile male gametes.
Post-fertilization events include the development of the endosperm, embryo, and eventually, the seed and fruit.
Post-fertilization events include the development of the endosperm, embryo, and eventually, the seed and fruit.
What is the process that allows a seed to germinate and sprout into a seedling?
What is the process that allows a seed to germinate and sprout into a seedling?
Human reproduction involves the production and fusion of gametes, which are the germ cells.
Human reproduction involves the production and fusion of gametes, which are the germ cells.
What is the process called where a sperm and an egg unite to form a zygote?
What is the process called where a sperm and an egg unite to form a zygote?
What is the time period or stage in human development during which the individual undergoes rapid growth and becomes mature?
What is the time period or stage in human development during which the individual undergoes rapid growth and becomes mature?
The male reproductive system includes the testes, scrotum, epididymis, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, vas deferens, bladder, urethra, and penis.
The male reproductive system includes the testes, scrotum, epididymis, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, vas deferens, bladder, urethra, and penis.
Testes are the primary female reproductive organs.
Testes are the primary female reproductive organs.
The epididymis receives sperm from the testes and stores them until ejaculation.
The epididymis receives sperm from the testes and stores them until ejaculation.
Secretions from the seminal vesicle and prostate gland protect sperm from the acidic environment of the male and female reproductive tracts.
Secretions from the seminal vesicle and prostate gland protect sperm from the acidic environment of the male and female reproductive tracts.
What is the collective term for the secretions of the seminal vesicle, prostate gland, and sperm?
What is the collective term for the secretions of the seminal vesicle, prostate gland, and sperm?
What is the role of the vas deferens in the male reproductive system?
What is the role of the vas deferens in the male reproductive system?
Which of the following is NOT part of the female reproductive system?
Which of the following is NOT part of the female reproductive system?
What are the primary organs responsible for the production of eggs (ova) in females called?
What are the primary organs responsible for the production of eggs (ova) in females called?
The ovaries also produce hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
The ovaries also produce hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
What is the term used for the release of an ovum from the ovary?
What is the term used for the release of an ovum from the ovary?
What are the fallopian tubes also known as?
What are the fallopian tubes also known as?
The uterus is the site of fertilization where sperm and egg unite.
The uterus is the site of fertilization where sperm and egg unite.
The uterus is a hollow, muscular organ that supports the developing fetus during pregnancy.
The uterus is a hollow, muscular organ that supports the developing fetus during pregnancy.
What is the narrow opening between the uterus and the vagina called?
What is the narrow opening between the uterus and the vagina called?
The vagina is the birth canal through which a baby is born.
The vagina is the birth canal through which a baby is born.
What happens when a sperm fertilizes an egg?
What happens when a sperm fertilizes an egg?
After copulation, millions of sperm are released during ejaculation.
After copulation, millions of sperm are released during ejaculation.
The fertilized egg moves towards the uterus, where it attaches to the endometrium.
The fertilized egg moves towards the uterus, where it attaches to the endometrium.
What is the term used for the stage of development after the fertilized egg implants in the uterus?
What is the term used for the stage of development after the fertilized egg implants in the uterus?
The embryo grows and develops inside the mother's womb, receiving nutrients and oxygen through the placenta.
The embryo grows and develops inside the mother's womb, receiving nutrients and oxygen through the placenta.
What happens if fertilization does not occur?
What happens if fertilization does not occur?
Menarche is the first menstrual cycle in a female.
Menarche is the first menstrual cycle in a female.
Menopause is the cessation of menstral cycles in females.
Menopause is the cessation of menstral cycles in females.
The hormones involved in the menstrual cycle are produced by the pituitary gland and the ovaries.
The hormones involved in the menstrual cycle are produced by the pituitary gland and the ovaries.
A zygote is a fertilized egg cell, while a fetus is a more developed stage of the embryo.
A zygote is a fertilized egg cell, while a fetus is a more developed stage of the embryo.
What are the two key aspects of reproductive health?
What are the two key aspects of reproductive health?
What is the term used for methods or techniques used to prevent pregnancy?
What is the term used for methods or techniques used to prevent pregnancy?
Which of the following is NOT a type of contraceptive method?
Which of the following is NOT a type of contraceptive method?
Condoms and diaphragms are examples of chemical contraceptive methods.
Condoms and diaphragms are examples of chemical contraceptive methods.
Oral pills and vaginal pills, which contain hormones, are examples of chemical contraceptive methods.
Oral pills and vaginal pills, which contain hormones, are examples of chemical contraceptive methods.
Vasectomy is a surgical method of contraception for females where the fallopian tubes are tied.
Vasectomy is a surgical method of contraception for females where the fallopian tubes are tied.
A tubectomy prevents the transmission of STDs.
A tubectomy prevents the transmission of STDs.
Sexually transmitted diseases, also known as STDs, are infections or diseases spread during sexual activity.
Sexually transmitted diseases, also known as STDs, are infections or diseases spread during sexual activity.
Gonorrhea can affect the mucous membrane of the urinary tract, rectum, and genital area.
Gonorrhea can affect the mucous membrane of the urinary tract, rectum, and genital area.
AIDS is a viral disease caused by the AIDS virus, and it is a fast-spreading, incurable disease that weakens a person's immune system.
AIDS is a viral disease caused by the AIDS virus, and it is a fast-spreading, incurable disease that weakens a person's immune system.
Genital warts are caused by a common sexually transmitted virus called the human papillomavirus (HPV) and are treated with creams or surgery.
Genital warts are caused by a common sexually transmitted virus called the human papillomavirus (HPV) and are treated with creams or surgery.
Flashcards
Reproduction
Reproduction
A process where an organism produces new individuals of the same kind.
Asexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
A type of reproduction involving a single parent, resulting in offspring genetically identical to the parent.
Fission
Fission
A type of asexual reproduction where a single-celled organism divides into two or more daughter cells.
Binary Fission
Binary Fission
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Multiple Fission
Multiple Fission
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Budding
Budding
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Fragmentation
Fragmentation
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Regeneration
Regeneration
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Spore Formation
Spore Formation
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Vegetative Propagation
Vegetative Propagation
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Natural Vegetative Propagation
Natural Vegetative Propagation
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Artificial Vegetative Propagation
Artificial Vegetative Propagation
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Cutting
Cutting
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Layering
Layering
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Grafting
Grafting
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Tissue Culture
Tissue Culture
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Sexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
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Pollination
Pollination
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Fertilization
Fertilization
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Zygote
Zygote
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Pregnancy
Pregnancy
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Implantation
Implantation
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Foetus
Foetus
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Seed Germination
Seed Germination
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Reproductive Health
Reproductive Health
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Contraception
Contraception
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Barrier Methods
Barrier Methods
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Chemical Methods
Chemical Methods
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Surgical Methods
Surgical Methods
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IUCDs
IUCDs
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
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Study Notes
Reproduction
- Reproduction is the biological process where an organism creates new individuals of the same kind.
- Reproduction ensures continuity of a species on Earth.
- Reproduction creates variations, leading to stability and evolution within species.
- A basic event in reproduction is the creation of a DNA copy.
Key Terms
- DNA: A group of molecules responsible for carrying and transmitting genetic instructions from parents to offspring.
- Chromatin: Genetic material (DNA, RNA, and proteins) that forms chromosomes.
- Chromosomes: A DNA molecule containing genetic material of an organism.
- Genes: The fundamental units of heredity.
Variations
- Variations are differences between individuals of the same or different species.
- All sexually reproducing organisms show variations.
- Some variations are helpful, aiding adaptation in changing environments and contributing to species stability and evolution.
- Some variations are not helpful.
Importance of Variation
- Variations help organisms adapt to changing environmental conditions.
- Variation provides stability to a species and contributes to evolution.
Asexual Reproduction
- Involves a single organism.
- No gametes are produced.
- No fusion of gametes.
- Uses only mitotic divisions.
- Offspring are identical to the parent.
- Variations are primarily through random mutations.
- Not very useful in natural selection of species. Methods:
- budding
- fragmentation
- sporulation
- regeneration
Sexual Reproduction
- Involves one or two organisms.
- Gametes (male and female) are formed.
- Fusion of male and female gametes occurs.
- Meiotic divisions followed by mitotic divisions are involved.
- Offspring are genetically diverse with some characteristics from both parents.
- Useful in natural selection of species. Methods:
- Pollination and Fertilization
Fission
- Unicellular organisms (protozoans like Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, Plasmodium) reproduce through asexual fission.
- Parent body divides into two or more daughter cells, which then develop into new organisms.
- Binary Fission: Parent divides into two nearly equal-sized daughter individuals. This usually involves nuclear division first, followed by cytoplasm division. Types of Binary Fission:
- Longitudinal binary fission
- transverse binary fission
- Irregular binary fission.
- Multiple Fission: Parent divides into many daughter individuals without previous cytoplasm division. Happens in unfavorable environments.
Budding
- Formation of a daughter individual from a projection (bud) on the parent.
- For example, yeast, bacteria, flatworms, jellyfish, sea anemones, hydra.
Fragmentation
- Organisms (like Spirogyra, Hydra, and Spirogyra) break into fragments, which develop into new individuals.
Regeneration
- Some animals have the ability to regrow lost organs or body parts.
- For instance, Hydra and Planaria.
Spore Formation
- Asexual reproduction where spores are produced within sporangia (a swollen structure in some fungi).
- Spores are light, small, and are variously colored.
- Spores germinate to give rise to new organisms. Example: Rhizopus.
Vegetative Propagation
- New organisms develop from leaves, roots, or stems instead of seeds. Types:
- Natural Vegetative Propagation
- Artificial Vegetative Propagation
Natural Vegetative Propagation
- Happens without human assistance.
- Methods include Tubers (swollen and fleshy underground stems; example potatoes), Roots (roots with buds that detach and form new plants; example sweet potato, Dahlia, Tulip), Leaves (adventitious buds on leaves; example Bryophyllum, Kalanchoe).
Artificial Vegetative Propagation
- Requires human intervention. Methods include
- Cutting vegetative propagation (Cutting a portion from the parent plant and planting it) -Stem Cutting (Roses, Bougainvillea, Chrysanthemum, Grapes, Sugarcane, Banana, Cactus)
- Root Cutting (Raspberry, Blackberry, Dahlia, Fig, Lilac)
- Layering (Bending a branch to ground and burying part in soil)
- Mound Layering (Simple layering involving covering a horizontal stem with soil); Simple Layering (Bent branch touching ground is covered, with a cut developing roots);
- Grafting (Attach stem of one plant to the root of another).
Tissue Culture
- Growing tissues in artificial nutrient mediums.
- Used for rapid multiplication of plants, introducing desired characteristics, producing disease-free plants.
- Plantlets are placed in the soil to grow into mature plants. Examples: Banana, Eggplant, Rose.
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
- Flower structure; parts of a flower (stigma, style, ovary, ovule, anther, filament, sepal, petal)
- Types of flowers (bisexual and unisexual).
- Events in sexual reproduction (pre-fertilization, fertilization, post-fertilization)
- Pollination (Transfer of pollen to stigma). Types of pollination (Self-pollination, Cross-pollination)
- Agents of pollination (wind, water, animals):
- Fertilization (Fusion of male and female gametes forming a zygote)
- Post-fertilization (development of endosperm, embryo, seeds & fruits).
Seed Germination
- Seed develops into embryo, which develops into seedlings under conducive conditions.
- A seed consists of seed coat, cotyledon (food storage), and embryo axis.
Human Reproduction
- Gametes (sperm and egg)
- Fertilization (fusion of sperm and egg)
- Zygote
- Germ cells (special cells for reproduction)
- Male reproductive system (testes, scrotum, epididymis, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, vas deferens, urethra, penis)
- Female reproductive system (ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina)
- Puberty
- Menstruation
- Implentation
Reproductive Health
- Overall physical, mental, and social well-being related to reproduction. Aspects include
- Population explosion and birth control
- Sexually transmitted diseases and infertility treatments. Methods of contraception
- Mechanical (condoms, diaphragms)
- Chemical (pills, vaginal pills)
- IUCD
- Surgical (vasectomy, tubectomy)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
- Infections spread through sexual contact. Types of STDs (bacterial and viral). Examples: Gonorrhea, Syphilis, AIDS, Genital warts, Trichomoniasis, Hepatitis B, etc..
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of reproduction and variation in this biology chapter. Learn how organisms create new individuals, the significance of DNA and chromosomes, and the role of variations in evolution and species stability. This quiz will challenge your understanding of these fundamental biological processes.
