Biology Chapter on Reproduction and Mitosis

<p>They contain the same genes in the same order. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA replicates. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metaphase 1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nuclear membrane reforms in two cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To produce identical cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diploid cells contain two sets of chromosomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crossing Over (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gene mutation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Failures in separating chromosome pairs during meiosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A donor cell transfers genetic material to a recipient cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inversion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asexual reproduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A factor that increases the frequency of mutations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates a unique set of base pairs that can distinguish individuals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA generated by combining fragments from different sources. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By incorporating plasmid DNA into their own genome during replication. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To produce large quantities of identical bacteria containing recombinant DNA. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exposure to electric pulses or heat. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both alleles are expressed simultaneously without blending. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Traits that have more than two variation options for a gene. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They tend to result in genetic disorders being more common in males. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To trace the inheritance patterns of traits across generations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A gene affecting both eye color and hair color. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epigenetic changes are reversible and affect gene expression without changing the DNA sequence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can mask the underlying genetic traits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monogenetic traits are influenced by only one gene, while polygenetic traits involve many. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To cut DNA molecules at specific places. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It becomes unable to bind with different DNA segments cut by the same enzyme. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gel electrophoresis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To amplify a specific region of DNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thermocycler (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The order of chemical building blocks in DNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To establish a genetic link between two samples. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide enough samples for reliable results. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can increase the chance of harmful recessive traits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crossing organisms with different traits to produce specific characteristics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They cleave DNA at specific sequences for manipulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Artificial selection relies on human intervention, while natural selection occurs spontaneously. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temporal isolation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To eliminate undesirable traits while preserving desired traits in future generations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hybridization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An increase in the likelihood of recessive genetic disorders. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reproduction involving only one parent, producing genetically identical offspring.

Reproduction involving two parents, creating genetically diverse offspring.

Cell growth and DNA replication phase.

Cell division creating identical daughter cells.

Division of the cytoplasm following mitosis or meiosis.

One half of a duplicated chromosome.

Structure containing the cell's genetic material.

Chromosome pairs with the same genes, but potentially different alleles.

First phase of mitosis and meiosis; DNA condenses into chromosomes.

Phase where chromosomes align in the mid-line of a cell.

Phase where sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

Phase where chromosomes reach opposite poles, and prepare to unwind into chromatin.

Cell division resulting in four haploid daughter cells (sex cells).

Abbreviation for the four key phases of Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

Abbreviation for the phases of Meiosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase; two separate rounds).

Enzymes that cut DNA molecules at specific places, enabling isolation of genes or DNA regions.

A lab technique that separates DNA, RNA, or proteins based on size and charge using an electric current.

A fast, inexpensive technique to amplify a specific region of a DNA fragment.

Determining the order of DNA's chemical building blocks (nucleotides).

Lab techniques to link samples based on unique DNA patterns.

Both alleles in a heterozygous genotype are expressed simultaneously, without blending. Both traits are seen, not a mix.

A trait controlled by more than two alleles of the same gene.

Genes located on the X chromosome.

Genetic disorders caused by recessive alleles, requiring two copies of the defective allele to manifest.

Genetic disorders caused by dominant alleles, requiring only one copy of the defective allele to be present.

A diagram showing the inheritance of a trait through several generations.

When one gene influences multiple traits.

A trait influenced by a single gene.

A trait influenced by multiple genes.

External modifications to DNA that change gene expression without changing the DNA sequence. This can be reversible.

The process of choosing desired traits in plants and animals and passing them to future generations.

Breeding closely related organisms to maintain desired traits. It's a form of artificial selection.

Breeds maintained by inbreeding to keep desired traits.

Harmful recessive traits can be passed on more easily to offspring, increasing the risk of homozygous recessive offspring.

Offspring produced by crossing organisms with different forms of a trait.

Process of creating hybrids.

Steps taken by humans to enhance desirable traits in future generations.

The process where nature, not humans make decisions about which traits to preserve or eliminate.

Proteins from bacteria that bind to DNA at specific sequences, cutting the DNA there.

Humans share 99.9% of their DNA sequence, but still have approximately 3 million base pair differences.

Changes in the number of chromosomes in an organism.

Different mating behaviors, preventing interbreeding between different species.

Combining DNA fragments from different sources, often created through gel electrophoresis.

Technique to separate DNA fragments by size, used in creating recombinant DNA.

Different breeding times, preventing species from interbreeding.

Creating many identical copies of a specific DNA fragment/gene.

Different habitats where species live, preventing interbreeding.

Introducing foreign DNA into a bacterial cell using pulses of electricity or heat.

Small, circular DNA molecules that can replicate independently within a bacterial cell, commonly used in genetic engineering.

A cell containing half the usual number of chromosomes; one set of chromosomes.

A cell containing a full set of chromosomes; two sets of chromosomes.

Exchange of chromosome segments between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, increasing genetic diversity.

Asexual reproduction in bacteria where a cell divides into two identical offspring.

Bacterial reproduction where one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through a pilus.

A type of bacterial cell reproduction where many identical offspring are released from a single organism.

The complete set of an organism's genetic material.

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a trait.

Chromosomes of the same size, shape, and carrying the same genes.

The number of chromosome sets in a cell.

Having two sets of chromosomes.

Having one set of chromosomes.

Having more than two sets of chromosomes.

A permanent change in an organism's DNA, often caused by mutagens or replication errors.

Substances that increase the rate of mutations.

Changes that occur in a specific gene.

A change in a single base pair of a gene.

Changes that occur in segments of chromosomes.

Failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division.