Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the role of genetic variation in reproduction?
What is the role of genetic variation in reproduction?
- It has no effect on survival rates.
- It decreases the chances of natural selection.
- It ensures the reproduction of identical organisms.
- It increases the chances of natural selection. (correct)
During which stage does differentiation of cells start?
During which stage does differentiation of cells start?
- Zygote
- Blastula (correct)
- Morula
- Fetus
What does the ectoderm develop into?
What does the ectoderm develop into?
- Skin and nervous system (correct)
- Digestive system
- Circulatory system
- Muscles and excretory system
What significant change occurs by the end of the second trimester?
What significant change occurs by the end of the second trimester?
What does ovoviviparous mean?
What does ovoviviparous mean?
What role does testosterone play in male reproductive development?
What role does testosterone play in male reproductive development?
Which of the following describes the difference between internal and external fertilization?
Which of the following describes the difference between internal and external fertilization?
What marks the transition from embryo to fetus?
What marks the transition from embryo to fetus?
What is one key advantage of sexual reproduction compared to asexual reproduction?
What is one key advantage of sexual reproduction compared to asexual reproduction?
During which process do cells move inward in the blastula?
During which process do cells move inward in the blastula?
Which embryonic tissue layer is primarily responsible for the development of the circulatory system?
Which embryonic tissue layer is primarily responsible for the development of the circulatory system?
Which stage follows the morula in embryonic development?
Which stage follows the morula in embryonic development?
What is the main characteristic of viviparous organisms?
What is the main characteristic of viviparous organisms?
At which week does the embryo transition into the fetal stage?
At which week does the embryo transition into the fetal stage?
Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for regulating sperm production?
Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for regulating sperm production?
What is a notable change that occurs during the second trimester of pregnancy?
What is a notable change that occurs during the second trimester of pregnancy?
What is the primary purpose of extraembryonic membranes?
What is the primary purpose of extraembryonic membranes?
Which statement is true regarding the roles of GnRH in male reproductive development?
Which statement is true regarding the roles of GnRH in male reproductive development?
What occurs during the stages of gastrulation in embryonic development?
What occurs during the stages of gastrulation in embryonic development?
What significant developmental change happens by the seventh week of pregnancy?
What significant developmental change happens by the seventh week of pregnancy?
Which type of reproductive strategy typically results in a lower survival rate for offspring?
Which type of reproductive strategy typically results in a lower survival rate for offspring?
During which trimester do significant changes in the brain occur as the fetus prepares for birth?
During which trimester do significant changes in the brain occur as the fetus prepares for birth?
What is the role of the mesoderm in embryonic development?
What is the role of the mesoderm in embryonic development?
What is one advantage of internal fertilization compared to external fertilization?
What is one advantage of internal fertilization compared to external fertilization?
Which hormone plays a key role in female reproductive development?
Which hormone plays a key role in female reproductive development?
What is the function of extraembryonic membranes?
What is the function of extraembryonic membranes?
What defines ovoviviparous development?
What defines ovoviviparous development?
During what stage of development does a zygote first become known as an embryo?
During what stage of development does a zygote first become known as an embryo?
Flashcards
Sexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Reproduction involving two parents contributing genetic material to create offspring.
Asexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Reproduction involving one parent, creating offspring genetically identical to the parent.
Cleavage
Cleavage
Rapid cell division of a zygote that does not increase in size, forming a multicellular embryo.
Gastrulation
Gastrulation
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Embryonic Tissue Layers
Embryonic Tissue Layers
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Extraembryonic Membranes
Extraembryonic Membranes
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Internal Fertilization
Internal Fertilization
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Viviparous Reproduction
Viviparous Reproduction
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Variation in offspring
Variation in offspring
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Blastula
Blastula
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Ectoderm
Ectoderm
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Endoderm
Endoderm
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Mesoderm
Mesoderm
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Study Notes
Reproduction and Development
- Organisms reproduce to ensure species survival, transferring genetic information that creates variation, increasing the likelihood of natural selection.
- Reproduction types: sexual (two parents) and asexual (more offspring).
- Fertilization and Cleavage: Rapid cell division from the zygote, creating a multicellular embryo without significant size increase.
- Stages:
- Morula (16 cells, in fallopian tube)
- Blastula (16 cells rearrange to hollow sphere)
- Differentiation starts in the uterus (Blastocyst). Implantation: Blastocyst attaches to the uterus for nutrients and waste removal.
- Gastrulation: Inward movement of cells at one blastula end, adding cells to the embryo, sorting into three layers.
- Embryonic Tissue Layers:
- Ectoderm: Skin and nervous system.
- Endoderm: Digestive system.
- Mesoderm: Circulatory system, muscles, and excretory system.
- Stages:
- Embryo Development:
- First trimester (zygote to embryo): Brain and spinal cord formation. Becomes a fetus after 8 weeks.
- Second trimester: Rapid growth, skeleton development. Mother feels movement by 20 weeks.
- Third trimester: Significant brain growth; immune system development.
- Extraembryonic membranes: Support for protection, nutrient and waste transport.
Reproductive Strategies
- Fertilization Types:
- External fertilization: More offspring, lower chance of survival.
- Internal fertilization: Higher fertilization success, higher survival rate.
- Reproduction methods (types of development):
- Oviparous: Lay eggs.
- Viviparous: Embryos develop inside the mother.
- Ovoviviparous: Embryos develop in eggs inside the mother.
- Primary and Secondary sexual characteristics:
- Primary characteristics present at birth.
- Secondary characteristics develop during puberty for survival.
Hormonal Control (Reproductive Systems)
-
Male Reproductive Hormones:
- GnRH from hypothalamus, stimulating pituitary LH/FSH release.
- LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone.
- FSH regulates sperm production.
- Testosterone develops primary/secondary characteristics.
-
Female Reproductive Hormones:
- Estrogen: Enhances sperm production.
- Progesterone prepares the body for pregnancy.
- FSH stimulates ovarian follicle growth.
- LH matures oocyte and causes its release.
Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)
- In Vitro Fertilization (IVF):
- Women take FSH to produce multiple eggs. Doctors collect them via a needle.
- Collected eggs are mixed with sperm in a dish; fertilized eggs develop.
- Selected embryos are implanted in the uterus.
- Used for blocked or damaged fallopian tubes, low sperm count.
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