Biology Chapter on Reasoning and DNA

In contrast to deductive reasoning, ______ reasoning starts with specific observations and develops theories.

______ reasoning is an approach where one progresses from general ideas to hypothesis testing to specific conclusions.

The branch of biology that focuses on cell theory, which can be used to demonstrate deductive reasoning, is known as ______.

Cell theory states that all living organisms are made of at least ______ cell.

Using deductive reasoning and cell theory, we can hypothesize that any newly discovered living organisms on Earth will also be made up of at least ______ cell.

DNA is a double helix made of two ______ strands of nucleotides linked by hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs.

The nucleic acid DNA is a ______ – it is made up of many nucleotides bonded together in a long chain.

Each DNA polynucleotide strand is made up of alternating deoxyribose sugars and ______ groups bonded together to form the sugar-phosphate backbone.

Each DNA polynucleotide strand has a 3’ end and a 5’ end, these numbers relate to which carbon atom on the ______ sugar could be bonded with another nucleotide.

The ______ bases of each nucleotide project out from the backbone towards the interior of the double-stranded DNA molecule.

The nucleus of a cell contains ______ which is the genetic material of the cell.

The proteins synthesised by the ribosomes move to the ______, bud off into vesicles, and carry the proteins to the Golgi apparatus before they are secreted out of the cell.

[Blank] ribosomes are found freely in the cytoplasm or as part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells.

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is formed from folds of membrane continuous with the ______; these flattened membrane sacs are called cisternae.

Ribosomes are formed in the ______ and are composed of almost equal amounts of RNA and protein.

The higher frequency of electron waves, resulting in a much shorter ______, explains why electron microscopes have superior magnification and resolution compared to light microscopes.

While light microscopes are suitable for observing whole cells and tissues, ______ microscopes are essential for visualizing organelles, viruses, and DNA in greater detail.

______ electron microscopy provides a snapshot in time of cellular processes, such as DNA replication and chromosome positioning during mitosis.

Unlike light microscopes, electron microscopes use a beam of ______ to interact with the specimen, which is key to their enhanced resolution and magnification.

Both scanning and ______ electron microscopes are important tools, each using a beam of electrons to visualize specimens at a high resolution.

The cytoskeleton of a cell is made up of ______, which are approximately 25 nm in diameter.

[Blank] within chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and stack to form grana, where the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis occurs.

The light-independent stage of photosynthesis, also known as the ______, takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast.

[Blank] are thin and at thylakoid membranes and join together the grana inside the chloroplast.

Chloroplasts contain small circular pieces of ______ and ribosomes, which are essential for synthesizing proteins required in chloroplast replication and photosynthesis.

The inner membrane of the mitochondria is folded to form ______, which increases the surface area for aerobic respiration.

The ______ of the mitochondria contains enzymes, mitochondrial DNA, and ribosomes, all of which are necessary for aerobic respiration and replication.

Proteins and lipids are modified and packaged into Golgi ______ within the Golgi apparatus before being transported to their ultimate destinations.

The Golgi apparatus is composed of flattened sacs called ______ where the modification of proteins and lipids occurs.

The ______ are specialized vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes that break down waste materials and worn-out organelles within the cell.

______ are membrane-bound sacs that function in the transport and storage of various substances within the cell.

Cells of the immune system and cells undergoing apoptosis extensively use ______ to break down cellular components.

Proteins passing through the Golgi apparatus are often destined for export from the cell, incorporation into ______, or delivery to lysosomes.