Biology Chapter on Plant Growth and Elements

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a major biological polymer?

  • Proteins
  • Water (correct)
  • Lipids
  • Carbohydrates

Atoms are considered the smallest unit of matter.

True (A)

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in plants?

Energy storage and structural support

Most of an atom is ______ space.

<p>empty</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements with their primary roles in plant growth:

<p>Carbon = Component of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids Nitrogen = Essential for chlorophyll production and photosynthesis Phosphorus = Essential for energy transfer and nucleic acid formation Potassium = Important for water balance and enzyme activation Magnesium = Component of chlorophyll and involved in enzyme activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of sulfur for plants?

<p>Anionic form of sulfur (SO42−) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nitrogen is only essential for plant growth and not for animal growth.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chlorophyll in plants?

<p>Chlorophyll enables plants to capture sunlight energy for photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteins make up the ______ materials of all living matters.

<p>structural</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of a plant's structural components?

<p>Nucleic acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements with their primary function in plants:

<p>Nitrogen = Essential for protein synthesis and chlorophyll production Phosphorus = Vital for energy transfer and DNA/RNA structure Sulfur = Component of protein disulfide bonds and amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of sulfur-containing compounds in plants?

<p>They act as signaling molecules in stress management and normal metabolic processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nitrogen is the most abundant element in the Earth's atmosphere.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the particles that surround the nucleus of an atom?

<p>Electrons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of all atoms present in biological molecules are made up of the six biogenic elements: C, H, O, N, S, and P?

<p>98% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electrons are heavier than protons.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oxygen plays no role in cellular respiration.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which three primary elements do plants use in the largest amounts?

<p>Hydrogen, Carbon, and Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do you call the particle in the nucleus that has a positive charge?

<p>Proton</p> Signup and view all the answers

The elements that constitute around 98% of all atoms in biological molecules are C, H, O, N, S, and _____ .

<p>P</p> Signup and view all the answers

A molecule is formed when two or more ______ bond together.

<p>atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element is known as the most abundant element in the Earth's crust?

<p>Oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their definitions:

<p>Atom = The smallest particle of a substance Molecule = A bonded group of two or more atoms Proton = A positively charged particle in the nucleus Electron = A negatively charged particle surrounding the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements with their significance in biological processes:

<p>Oxygen = Cellular respiration Hydrogen = Building sugars Carbon = Chemical bond formation Phosphorus = Energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when attempts are made to separate smaller particles in an atom?

<p>They require energy and create new particles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nitrogen is considered a biogenic element essential for plant growth.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Molecules can exist freely under ordinary conditions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does hydrogen play in photosynthesis and respiration?

<p>Aids in proton gradients and drives the electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name a naturally occurring compound mentioned in the content.

<p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of lipid?

<p>Proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All fatty acids can be classified as either saturated or unsaturated.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of steroids?

<p>Four fused carbon rings</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lipids help to store ______ and form ______ membranes.

<p>energy, cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the biomolecule with its monomer:

<p>Lipids = Fatty acids Proteins = Amino acids Nucleic Acids = Nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following proteins is responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood?

<p>Hemoglobin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nucleic acids are composed of amino acid monomers.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do proteins play in plants?

<p>Transportation of molecules and muscle movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ATP in plants?

<p>Driving chemical reactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Monosaccharides are composed of more than one sugar unit.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four basic kinds of biological macromolecules?

<p>Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glucose is an important __________ that is broken down during cellular respiration.

<p>monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide?

<p>Starch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the biological macromolecules with their monomers:

<p>Carbohydrates = Monosaccharides Proteins = Amino acids Nucleic acids = Nucleotides Lipids = Glycerol and fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phosphorylation is the process of transferring high-energy phosphates to other molecules.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural polymers are used to build __________ in living organisms.

<p>tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Atom

The smallest unit of matter, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Molecule

A group of two or more atoms chemically bonded together.

Elements of life

Essential elements that support life, such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

Biological Polymers

Large molecules made of repeating subunits (monomers), such as proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides.

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Proton

A positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom.

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Neutron

A neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom, contributing to atomic mass.

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Electron

A negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom.

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Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space, composed of atoms and molecules.

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Nucleus

The small, dense center of an atom containing protons and neutrons.

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Chemical bond

A force that holds atoms together in a molecule.

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Subatomic particles

Particles smaller than an atom, including protons, neutrons, and electrons.

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Essential Elements

28 chemical elements important for healthy body function.

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Biogenic Elements

Six elements (C, H, O, N, S, P) that make up 98% of biological molecules.

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Oxygen (O)

Most abundant element in the human body, vital for cellular respiration.

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Photosynthesis

Process in plants where oxygen is produced and used for energy.

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Hydrogen (H)

Key element for plant growth, involved in building sugars and energy.

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Carbon (C)

Second most abundant element, capable of forming many compounds.

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Redox Reactions

Chemical reactions where oxygen accepts electrons, producing energy.

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ATP Production

ATP is the energy source produced in cellular respiration.

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Hydrocarbon chains

Long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms, found in cell membranes.

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Essential Macronutrient

A vital nutrient required in large amounts for plant growth.

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Nitrogen's role in plants

Nitrogen is crucial for amino acids, proteins, and energy transfer.

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Sulfur's importance

Sulfur is essential for protein structure and plant metabolism.

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Anionic sulfur (SO4²⁻)

Water-soluble form of sulfur that plants use, often leaches from soil.

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Phosphorus in DNA/RNA

Phosphorus forms the backbone of DNA and RNA through phosphodiester linkages.

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Energy transfer in plants

Phosphorus plays a vital role in all plant processes that involve energy transfer.

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Lipids

Water-insoluble molecules including fats, phospholipids, waxes, and steroids.

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Fatty Acids

Lipid monomers consisting of a hydrocarbon chain and a carboxyl group.

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Triglycerides

Complex lipids formed from three fatty acids and glycerol.

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Steroids

Lipids made of four fused carbon rings, not fatty acid chains.

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Proteins

Biomolecules composed of amino acid monomers, serving various functions.

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Amino Acids

Monomers that combine to form proteins; there are twenty types.

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Nucleic Acids

Polymers made from nucleotide monomers, including DNA and RNA.

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Function of Nucleic Acids

They contain instructions for protein synthesis and genetic transfer.

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High-Energy Phosphate

Energy source in ADP and ATP that drives chemical reactions in plants.

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Phosphorylation

Transfer of high-energy phosphate to other molecules.

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Monomers

Small molecules that make up biological polymers.

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Macromolecules

Giant molecules formed from biological polymers.

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Carbohydrates

Molecules composed of sugar monomers for energy storage.

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Monosaccharides

Single sugar molecules, the basic units of carbohydrates.

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Polysaccharides

Chains of many monosaccharides, used for storage or structure.

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Study Notes

Atoms and Molecules

  • Atoms are the smallest units of matter
  • Atoms are mostly empty space, with a dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons
  • Electrons orbit the nucleus, attracted by the electric force
  • Atoms form molecules through chemical bonds
  • Molecules are formed when two or more atoms bond
  • Molecules can be of the same or different elements
  • Molecules form compounds when multiple elements bond together
  • Water (H₂O) is a common compound, formed by bonding of hydrogen and oxygen atoms
  • Molecules are the smallest units of a compound or element, that are stable under normal conditions
  • Essential elements (the 28 ones that make up the human body) are involved in essential bodily functions

Biological Polymers

  • Biological polymers are large molecules composed of repeating smaller units (monomers)
  • Four major types of biological polymers are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
  • Carbohydrates are composed of sugar monomers linked together, primarily used for energy storage
  • Lipids are typically composed of fatty acids and are involved in energy storage, insulation, and cellular structure
  • Proteins are composed of amino acids and play a vast array of roles (structure, storage, transport, defense, enzymes)
  • Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are composed of nucleotides and involved in storing and transmitting genetic information.

Elements and Importance in Plants

  • Oxygen (O): Most abundant element in Earth's crust, important in respiration and photosynthesis
  • Hydrogen (H): Crucial in photosynthesis and respiration, part of many molecules essential for plant growth
  • Carbon (C): Forms the backbone of many biological molecules, including carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
  • Nitrogen (N): Essential in amino acid structure, therefore protein formation, critical for growth
  • Sulfur (S): Key component of amino acids and various enzymes, impacts plant growth and development
  • Phosphorus (P): Essential in energy transfer, forming vital components of DNA and RNA, important roles in plant metabolism.

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