Biology Chapter on Organic Molecules
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Questions and Answers

What characterizes the arrangement of hydroxyl groups in D-glucose compared to L-glucose?

  • Hydroxyl groups are arranged oppositely in both structures.
  • All hydroxyl groups are on the left side.
  • Three hydroxyl groups are on the right and one on the left. (correct)
  • All hydroxyl groups are on the right side.

    • Which statement about glycosidic bonds is accurate?

  • They form between two glucose molecules only.
  • They are a type of covalent bond that can form between any monosaccharides. (correct)
  • They result in the addition of an H2O molecule.
  • They can only be formed during hydrolysis.

    • Why do humans transport glucose as a monosaccharide?

  • It is more soluble than disaccharides.
  • Monosaccharides are easier to digest.
  • Humans exclusively use disaccharides for energy.
  • Monosaccharides can enter metabolic pathways immediately. (correct)

    • What results from the combination of glucose and fructose?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hydrolysis relate to the digestion of sucrose?

    <p>It facilitates the breakdown of sucrose into glucose and fructose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an effective glucose reservoir in plants?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to adults with reduced levels of lactase regarding lactose?

    <p>They experience lactose intolerance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about disaccharides in terms of their composition?

    <p>They can consist of either the same or different types of monosaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines an organic molecule?

    <p>A molecule that is produced by living systems and typically consists of carbon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of carbon atoms?

    <p>They can form straight chains, rings, or branches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements about hydrocarbons is true?

    <p>They consist of carbon and hydrogen and are energy-rich.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do functional groups play in organic molecules?

    <p>They are specific groups attached that influence molecular behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the electronegativities of elements relevant to life?

    <p>Carbon's electronegativity is higher than that of phosphorus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are hydrocarbons considered good fuels?

    <p>They are energy-rich due to covalent bonds between carbon and hydrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional group is likely to increase the polarity of an organic molecule?

    <p>Groups containing oxygen or nitrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many covalent bonds can a single carbon atom form?

    <p>Four covalent bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic that differentiates hydrolysis from condensation reactions?

    <p>Hydrolysis adds water, while condensation removes water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the role of carbohydrates in biological systems?

    <p>They are used primarily as a source of stored energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When glucose exists in a ring form, which structural feature contributes to its stability in water?

    <p>The presence of multiple hydroxyl groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of monosaccharides that sets them apart from disaccharides and polysaccharides?

    <p>Monosaccharides are the simplest form of sugars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do carbohydrates serve as carbon skeletons in biological molecules?

    <p>They can be rearranged to form new molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What functional group is involved in the dehydration synthesis reaction of carbohydrates?

    <p>Hydroxyl group (-OH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of reaction do macromolecules require energy for their formation?

    <p>Dehydration synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly states the molecular ratio for carbohydrates?

    <p>Cx(H2O)y, where x and y are whole numbers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following biological molecules is NOT classified as a carbohydrate?

    <p>Enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process can be described as the reverse of dehydration synthesis?

    <p>Hydrolysis process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of functional groups in biological molecules?

    <p>To maintain chemical properties and participate in reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a hydrolysis reaction from a condensation reaction?

    <p>Hydrolysis involves breaking down molecules with the addition of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately represents a characteristic of carbohydrates?

    <p>They are essential for energy storage and transport in organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural significance of monosaccharides like glucose?

    <p>They serve as crucial units for larger carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is correctly matched with its description?

    <p>Dehydration synthesis - combines molecules and produces water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best defines carbohydrates?

    <p>They primarily consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a specific ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which role of carbohydrates is NOT accurately described?

    <p>Serving exclusively as energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of glucose contributes to its stability in water?

    <p>Ring forms of glucose predominately exist due to their stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the positioning of hydroxyl groups in D-glucose?

    <p>Three hydroxyl groups are on the right side.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the process of condensation reactions?

    <p>They often accompany the formation of polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main structural difference between D-glucose and L-glucose?

    <p>L-glucose has all hydroxyl groups on the left side.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the bonding process between monosaccharides when forming disaccharides?

    <p>Loss of an H2O molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly identifies the components of sucrose?

    <p>A glucose unit and a fructose unit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do most organisms transport glucose?

    <p>As monosaccharides in humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a transport disaccharide in plants?

    <p>Sucrose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the digestion of sucrose?

    <p>It undergoes hydrolysis to break down into glucose and fructose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is disaccharide form less readily metabolized compared to monosaccharides?

    <p>Only enzymes in specific tissues can break them down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Functional Groups

    • Hydroxyl group (-OH) is a functional group that affects chemical properties.
    • Functional groups are crucial in biological reactions.

    Biological Molecule Synthesis

    • Condensation/Dehydration Reaction: Two substances combine, forming a new compound and releasing water (H2O).
    • Hydrolysis Reaction: Water is added, breaking a compound into two parts.

    Photosynthesis and Respiration

    • Hydrolysis in photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
    • Condensation in respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (686 kcal).

    Building Biological Molecules

    • Condensation: Also known as dehydration synthesis, removes -OH and -H groups to form water, requiring energy input.
    • Hydrolysis: Reverse of condensation; adds water to release stored energy.

    Categories of Organic Molecules

    • Four main categories:
      • Carbohydrates
      • Proteins
      • Lipids
      • Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

    Carbohydrates

    • Primary energy source for living organisms.
    • Composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cx(H2O)y.

    Monosaccharides

    • Simple sugars, with glucose as the most notable example, known as "blood sugar".
    • Exists in straight chains and ring forms; ring forms are more stable in water.

    Biological Roles of Carbohydrates

    • Serve as stored energy, transport energy, carbon skeletons for new molecules, and structural components like cell walls.

    Disaccharides

    • Formed by linking two monosaccharides via glycosidic bonds, resulting in water loss.
    • Example: Sucrose (table sugar) is composed of glucose and fructose.

    Transport of Disaccharides

    • Humans transport glucose as a monosaccharide; plants convert glucose into disaccharide forms for transportation.
    • Sucrose and lactose are examples of disaccharides used in storage and transport.

    Polysaccharides

    • Complex carbohydrates formed from multiple monosaccharide units, serving various functions in living systems.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamentals of organic molecules, including their definition and the various functional groups. It also discusses the synthesis of organic molecules and explores different types of carbohydrates. Test your knowledge on these essential biological concepts.

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