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Questions and Answers
Which of the following statements is true regarding species naming?
Which of the following statements is true regarding species naming?
Spontaneous generation is the idea that living organisms can arise from non-living matter.
Spontaneous generation is the idea that living organisms can arise from non-living matter.
True (A)
Who disproved the concept of spontaneous generation?
Who disproved the concept of spontaneous generation?
Francesco Redi
The theory that living cells arise from other living cells is known as __________.
The theory that living cells arise from other living cells is known as __________.
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What does the diaphragm of a microscope control?
What does the diaphragm of a microscope control?
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Match the microscope parts with their functions:
Match the microscope parts with their functions:
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The oil used in microscopy at 100x magnification decreases resolution.
The oil used in microscopy at 100x magnification decreases resolution.
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What is the primary purpose of objective lenses on a microscope?
What is the primary purpose of objective lenses on a microscope?
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What type of flagellar arrangement involves a tuft or crest?
What type of flagellar arrangement involves a tuft or crest?
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Ribosomes in prokaryotic cells are composed of 80s subunits.
Ribosomes in prokaryotic cells are composed of 80s subunits.
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What is the primary function of pili in bacterial cells?
What is the primary function of pili in bacterial cells?
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The cell wall of gram-positive cells is primarily composed of ________.
The cell wall of gram-positive cells is primarily composed of ________.
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Which feature of the plasma membrane allows it to control the passage of some molecules while excluding others?
Which feature of the plasma membrane allows it to control the passage of some molecules while excluding others?
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Match the following structures to their functions:
Match the following structures to their functions:
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What damage does penicillin cause to bacterial cells?
What damage does penicillin cause to bacterial cells?
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Endospores can remain viable for hundreds of years under extreme conditions.
Endospores can remain viable for hundreds of years under extreme conditions.
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What is the primary function of staining in microscopy?
What is the primary function of staining in microscopy?
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Gram-positive bacteria appear pink after a Gram stain procedure.
Gram-positive bacteria appear pink after a Gram stain procedure.
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What does the term 'limit of resolution' refer to in microscopy?
What does the term 'limit of resolution' refer to in microscopy?
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In negative staining, the __________ is stained instead of the cells themselves.
In negative staining, the __________ is stained instead of the cells themselves.
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Which of the following stains is used for cells that cannot be Gram-stained?
Which of the following stains is used for cells that cannot be Gram-stained?
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Match the following cellular shapes with their corresponding names:
Match the following cellular shapes with their corresponding names:
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The glycocalyx is always a slippery layer surrounding all bacteria.
The glycocalyx is always a slippery layer surrounding all bacteria.
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What is the function of the glycocalyx in bacteria?
What is the function of the glycocalyx in bacteria?
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Study Notes
Naming
- Species are named using the genus first, followed by the species.
- The name is either underlined or italicized.
- After the first use, you can use the genus initial and species name.
History - Spontaneous Generation
- Spontaneous generation is the idea that life can form from non-living matter.
- Francesco Redi disproved this by using two jars with meat. One was sealed, and one was not.
- The sealed jar stayed free of maggots, while the unsealed jar developed them.
- This further experiment showed that lack of oxygen did not prevent maggot formation.
- The experiment with a mesh covering the jar also showed that maggots did not form, as flies could not access the meat.
Biogenesis
- Biogenesis is the theory that living cells come from pre-existing living cells.
Germ Theory of Disease
- The germ theory of disease is the belief that microbes can spread diseases through the air.
Microscope Parts
- Ocular lens: Magnifies the image from the objective lens.
- Body tube: Transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens.
- Arm: Supports the microscope.
- Objective lens: Primarily magnifies the specimen.
- Stage: Holds the microscope slide.
- Condenser: Focuses light through the specimen.
- Diaphragm: Controls the amount of light entering the condenser.
- Illuminator: The light source.
- Course focusing knob: Grossly adjusts the focus.
- Base: Supports the microscope.
- Fine focusing knob: Fine-tunes the focus.
- Oil: Used with the 100x objective to improve resolution. Oil has a similar refractive index to glass, reducing light scattering.
Magnification Calculation
- Multiply the objective lens magnification by 10 to get the total magnification.
Limit of Resolution
- The limit of resolution is a measure of the smallest detail that can be distinguished with a microscope.
Staining
- Staining helps visualize cell shape and arrangement, as cells are usually colorless.
- Simple stains: Use a single basic dye to stain the entire cell.
- Gram stain: Used to differentiate between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive cells stain purple, and gram-negative cells stain pink.
- Negative stain: The background is stained, allowing visualization of capsules surrounding the cells.
- Acid-fast stain: Used for cells with a waxy coating that can't be gram-stained; stains the cells red.
Important Concepts from Chapter four
- All cells have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and RNA.
- Cells acquire raw materials and energy from their environments.
- Cell shapes include diplococci.
Bacterial Morphology (Pages 3 & 4)
- Various shapes and arrangements of bacteria are shown (streptococci, staphylococci, single/diplobacilli, streptobacilli, coccobacilli, vibrio)
- Images/diagrams accompany each type.
Bacterial Structures (Page 4)
- Glycocalyx: Organized (capsule) or unorganized (slime layer); protects against dehydration and antibiotics.
- Flagella: Arrangements include peritrichous (all around), monotrichous (single), lophotrichous (tuft), and amphitrichous (on both sides--polar).
Additional Cell Structures (Page 5)
- Pili (pili): Used for DNA transfer (conjugation).
- Cell wall: Made of peptidoglycan; thick in Gram-positive, thin in Gram-negative.
- Plasma membrane: Controls what enters and exits the cell and anchors enzymes for ATP.
- Nucleoid: Bacterial chromosome.
- Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis (70S in prokaryotes).
- Endospores: Dormant, resistant resting cells of some bacteria.
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Description
This quiz covers various essential biological concepts including species naming conventions, the theory of spontaneous generation, biogenesis, and the germ theory of disease. Additionally, it touches on the parts of microscopes and their functions. Test your knowledge of these fundamental biology topics.
