Biology Chapter on Molecular Phylogeny

<p>Closely related species accumulate fewer mutations over time, indicating recent divergence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analogous structures do not indicate shared ancestry. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The evolutionary history and relationships among groups of organisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fossil Record Evidence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps us understand the branching evolutionary relationships between species, considering time and ancestors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic sequencing techniques (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide a point of comparison for the phylogeny being examined (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As scientists acquire additional information about organisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carl Woese (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indicating the shared characteristics among the outside taxa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Legs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A new way of analyzing relationships between organisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sexual parts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An adjective describing the species. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>&quot;Wise man&quot; (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The science of classifying organisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obvious physical traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is an artificial system based on morphological similarities, not evolutionary relationships. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The specific epithet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classifying organisms from childhood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A polyphyletic group lacks a single most recent common ancestor, unlike a monophyletic group. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A, C, D to B, E (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tree may need to be restructured. Potentially requiring reclassification of species to maintain monophyletic groupings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Habitat and body form (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sequence F represents an early divergence point in the evolutionary history of the sequences, since it is equally distantly related to the other sequences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A group of birds, including their common ancestor, excluding reptiles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To survive the repeated cycles of denaturation, annealing, and extension. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their classification would be adjusted to reflect the genetic evidence, potentially reassigning them to different taxonomic groups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The melting temperature of the primers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sequence of evolutionary events. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Species (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They consist of one old strand and one new strand. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase the concentration of the target DNA sequence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Producing fertile offspring together (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>~95°C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two-part naming system consisting of the genus and specific epithet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogen bonds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p><em>Canis familiaris</em> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To cut DNA molecules at specific locations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>~20bp (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>35 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have single-stranded extensions that can form hydrogen bonds with complementary ends (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To select for and propagate desired traits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitating hydrogen-bonded base pairing between DNA fragments cut with the same enzyme (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Links between species based on their ancestry, showing divergence from a common ancestor.

Study of evolutionary relationships among organisms, tracing back to a common ancestor.

Similar structures in related organisms due to inheritance from a common ancestor.

Similar traits in unrelated organisms, arising due to similar functions, not common ancestry.

Analyzing DNA and amino acid sequences to trace evolutionary relationships among organisms.

A method of organizing species based on shared traits and common ancestry into clades.

A group of organisms that share a common ancestor, formed in cladistics.

A diagram showing evolutionary relationships among organisms within one or more clades.

A branching evolutionary pattern showing relationships among organisms.

Phylogenetic thinking that helps understand evolutionary relationships.

Diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships based on characteristics.

Classification system for organisms developed by Carl Woese in 1990.

A group not sharing any traits, used for comparison in phylogenetics.

A visual tool to show the relationships between different groups.

Technique for analyzing DNA to understand evolutionary relationships.

Features shared by organisms used to classify them.

The scientist known as the father of taxonomy.

Groupings in the Linnaean classification system ranging from kingdom to species.

The largest and most inclusive taxonomic grouping of organisms.

The smallest and most exclusive grouping of organisms that can reproduce fertile offspring.

A taxonomic group that includes closely related species.

The system of naming species with two parts: genus and specific epithet.

The practice of assigning scientific names to organisms.

Enzymes used to cut DNA at specific sites for genetic engineering.

The science of classifying organisms based on shared traits and relationships.

A classification system developed by Carolus Linnaeus that ranks organisms into groups like kingdom, phylum, class, and so on.

A scientific name for a species consisting of its genus and specific epithet.

The binomial nomenclature for humans; 'sapiens' means wise.

Physical traits used to classify organisms in taxonomy.

Shallow or obvious traits that may mislead classification.

An adjective part of the binomial name that describes a species.

A series of publications by Linnaeus detailing organisms he classified.

Polymerase Chain Reaction, a method to amplify DNA.

The first step in PCR where DNA unwinds at ~95°C.

The process of primers attaching to ssDNA around ~54°C.

The process of DNA strand elongation at ~72°C.

The ability of DNA polymerase to withstand high heat in PCR.

Each new DNA strand contains one old and one new strand.

The number of repeated PCR cycles, typically 35.

Using PCR to identify the presence of a specific gene.

The computed mean of genetic differences between groups in a phylogenetic analysis.

A group containing a most recent common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants.

An unnatural grouping of organisms that do not share a most recent common ancestor.

A group that includes a common ancestor and all its descendants.

The classification system organized by Aristotle based on habitat and body form.

To categorize organisms based on their safety, usefulness, or harmfulness to humans.