Biology Chapter on Microscopes and Methods

Field of View

• The area visible through the microscope.
• Source of error: Improper lighting, inaccurate measurements
• Diffusion: the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
• Total magnification: The product of the magnification of the objective lens and the ocular lens.
• Resolving power: The ability of a microscope to distinguish between two closely spaced objects.
• Parfocal: A microscope is parfocal if the image remains in focus when switching between objective lenses.

Scientific Method

• Active site: The region of an enzyme where the substrate binds.
• Cellular respiration: The process by which cells break down glucose to release energy.
• Metabolism: The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism.
• Enzymes: Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions.
• Catalyst: A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the reaction.

Cellular Respiration

• Site: The mitochondria.
• Two types of fermentation: Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.
• Aerobic: Requires oxygen.
• Anaerobic: Does not require oxygen.
• Amount of ATP made in fermentation: 2 ATP.
• Amount of ATP made in cellular respiration: 38 ATP.
• Purpose of NADH and FADH2: To carry electrons from the breakdown of glucose to the electron transport chain, where they are used to generate ATP.
• Factors that affect enzymatic activity: Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and enzyme concentration.

Microscope Parts

• Types of microscopes: Light microscopes, electron microscopes, and scanning probe microscopes.
• Fathers of microscopy: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke.

Active and Passive Transport

• Active transport: Requires energy to move molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient.
• Passive transport: Does not require energy to move molecules across a membrane.
• Types of active transport: Sodium-potassium pump, proton pump, and endocytosis.
• Types of passive transport: Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and filtration.

Cell Theory

• All living things are made up of cells
• Cells are the basic unit of life
• All cells come from pre-existing cells

Metric System

• Weight: Gram (g)
• Length: Meter (m)
• Volume: Liter (L)
• Temperature: Celsius (°C)

Experimental Design

• Independent variable: The variable that is changed by the experimenter.
• Dependent variable: The variable that is measured.
• Level of treatment: The different values of the independent variable.
• Control: A group that does not receive the treatment.
• Controlled variable: A variable that is kept constant throughout the experiment.
• Hypothesis: A testable statement about the relationship between variables.
• Prediction: A specific statement about what will happen in the experiment.

Solutions

• Hypotonic: A solution with a lower concentration of solute than the cell.
• Hypertonic: A solution with a higher concentration of solute than the cell.
• Isotonic: A solution with the same concentration of solute as the cell.

Chemical Reactions

• Decomposition reaction: A reaction in which a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules.
• Synthesis reaction: A reaction in which two or more molecules combine to form a larger molecule.

Measurements

• Length: Centimeters (cm), millimeters (mm)
• Volume: Milliliters (mL)
• Weight: Grams (g)

Steps of Aerobic Cellular Respiration

• Glycolysis: The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate.
• Krebs cycle: The oxidation of pyruvate to carbon dioxide.
• Electron transport chain: The transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, generating ATP.

This quiz covers essential concepts in biology, focusing specifically on the field of view, the microscope's attributes, and key processes in the scientific method. Topics include magnification, resolution, enzyme function, and cellular respiration. Test your understanding of these crucial biological foundations.