Questions and Answers
What happens to an enzyme when it is denatured?
What is the primary role of washing-up liquid in enzyme experiments?
What is the significance of keeping temperature constant in an enzyme activity experiment?
Why is it essential to vary pH in enzyme experiments?
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What type of biomolecule are enzymes classified as?
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What is typically measured to evaluate the rate of enzyme activity?
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How is temperature altered during enzyme experiments?
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What is the substrate used in the enzyme activity discussed?
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What are the products formed in the reaction involving catalase?
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What role does stirring play when adding beads to the mixture?
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Which of the following describes a catabolic reaction?
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What defines enzyme specificity?
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What role does a catalyst play in a chemical reaction?
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Which factor can adversely affect enzyme activity?
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What is the function of a bioreactor?
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What occurs during the process of denaturation?
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What are immobilised enzymes?
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Which of the following statements about products in enzyme reactions is correct?
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What defines the term 'activation energy'?
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Why are immobilised enzymes advantageous in bioprocessing?
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Study Notes
Metabolism
- Metabolism encompasses all chemical reactions occurring within the body.
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Types of reactions:
- Anabolic: Smaller molecules combine to form larger ones (e.g., photosynthesis).
- Catabolic: Larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones (e.g., digestion).
Enzymes
- Catalysts speed up reactions without being consumed.
- Enzymes are specialized proteins that act as biological catalysts.
- Enzymes are globular in shape, facilitating their functional roles.
- Substrate: The specific substance on which an enzyme acts.
- Product: The substance formed as a result of the enzymatic reaction.
- Enzymes regulate metabolic processes within cells.
Activation Energy
- Activation energy is the minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to proceed.
- Factors influencing enzyme activity include pH levels and temperature.
Bioprocessing and Bioreactors
- Bioprocessing utilizes enzyme-controlled reactions to produce various products.
- Bioreactor: A container designed for conducting biological reactions.
Immobilized Enzymes
- These enzymes are fixed to one another or to an inert substance.
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Advantages:
- They can be reused.
- They can be easily recovered after reactions, eliminating the need for purification.
Enzyme Specificity and Denaturation
- Enzyme specificity means that most enzymes react with only one unique substrate due to the fit of their active sites.
- Denaturation refers to the loss of an enzyme's specific shape, rendering it unable to function with its substrate.
Laboratory Procedures
- Hydration of beads: Immersed in calcium chloride for 15 minutes to harden.
- Reaction considerations: Mixing prevents clumping of enzyme beads.
- Measuring enzyme activity: Conducted by determining the volume of gas produced using a graduated cylinder.
- Temperature control: Water baths were used to maintain specific temperatures during experiments.
Enzyme Activity in Experiments
- Enzyme involved in activity: Catalase.
- Substrate used: Hydrogen peroxide, which yields water and oxygen as products.
- Constant factors during experiments: pH levels and the temperature effect on activity were monitored.
Denaturation Effects
- Enzymatic activity ceases after exposure to elevated temperatures, notably above 60°C, as the enzyme becomes denatured.
- Enzymes are synthesized in ribosomes, indicating their protein nature and cellular origin.
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Description
Test your knowledge on metabolism and chemical reactions in biology. This quiz covers essential concepts such as anabolic and catabolic reactions, along with the role of catalysts. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of these foundational topics.