Biology Chapter on Living Things and Cells

Redi = Proved maggots do not arise from rotting meat Pasteur = Showed that microbes are trapped in a gooseneck flask Hooke = Used a microscope to observe cork cells Needham = Suggested that boiling broth could result in spontaneous generation

Prokaryotic cells = DNA floats around in the cell Eukaryotic cells = Have membrane-bound organelles

Cell Division = One cell duplicates its DNA and splits into two Conjugation = Transfer of plasmid between two connected bacteria Exponential Growth = Population growth where one cell reproduces rapidly Colder Environment = Condition to prevent rapid bacterial reproduction

<p>Antibiotics = Substances that kill or slow down bacteria Antiviral medications = Drugs that target and destroy viruses Bacteria = Microorganisms responsible for various infections Viruses = Pathogens that can cause illnesses through replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Symptoms = Physical and chemical changes caused by disease Infection = Pathogen's presence in a host Disease = Abnormal condition identified by symptoms Pathogen = Microbe that causes disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zoonotic diseases = Diseases that primarily infect animals Spillover event = Transmission of disease to humans Pathogen = Microbes causing infections Reservoir = A host that harbors a pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical Barriers = Skin and mucous membranes Chemical Barriers = Acidic secretions and enzymes Macrophages = Cells that engulf and digest pathogens Antibodies = Proteins that help identify antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environment = Needs care to prevent disease spillover Humans = Their health is linked to animal health One Health Theory = Interconnection of human, animal, and environmental health Pathogens = Can cross species barriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spike Proteins = Molecules that attach to host cell receptors Host Cell = Cell that is infected and replicated within Genetic Material = Nucleic acid injected by a virus into a host Exploding Host Cell = Result of viral replication and spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Original cell theory = Cells can arise spontaneously from non-living matter Modern cell theory = All cells arise from pre-existing cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cocci = Spherical bacteria Bacilli = Rod-shaped bacteria Spirilla = Helical or spiral-shaped bacteria Vibrios = Comma-shaped bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viruses = Require a host to reproduce Bacteria = Single-celled and can be beneficial or harmful Fungi = Can decompose organic materials Protozoa = Single-celled organisms that can cause diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Single-Celled = Composed of one bacterium Colonial = Group of bacteria functioning together Gram-positive = Bacteria retaining a purple color after staining Gram-negative = Bacteria that do not retain the purple stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasmid = Additional genetic material in some bacteria Pilus = Hair-like structure for conjugation Microbiome = Community of microorganisms in the body Pathogen = Disease-causing organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unhealthy lifestyle = Contributes to the development of diseases Injuries = Physical damage leading to disease symptoms Genetic factors = Inherited predisposition to diseases Pathogens = Microbial agents that infect hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacterial Infections = Caused by bacteria like strep throat Viral Infections = Caused by viruses such as influenza Fungal Infections = Caused by fungi like athlete's foot Parasitic Infections = Caused by parasites like malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Droplets = Transmission through fluid particles expelled when sneezing or coughing Vectors = Organisms that transmit pathogens from one host to another Indirect contact with people = Getting infected through contaminated surfaces or objects Direct contact with animals = Transmission through physical interaction with infected animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pandemic = A worldwide spread of a disease Endemic = Constant appearance of a disease in a specific geographical area Epidemic = A drastic increase in a local community's disease cases Epidemiologists = Scientists who study disease cases in populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quarantine = Isolation of individuals to prevent disease spread Vaccinate sick animals = Prevent disease transmission from animals to humans Disinfection = Killing pathogens on surfaces to prevent infection Clean water and good sanitation = Reducing waterborne diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Grief = Emotional suffering due to loss Death = The ultimate consequence of severe disease impact Loss of employment = Economic downturn leading to job losses Cities rebuilding = Efforts to restore infrastructure post-pandemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use antibiotics wisely = Only use them against bacterial infections Complete your medication = Finish all prescribed doses even if feeling better Educate about virus vs bacteria = Increase awareness that antibiotics do not work against viruses Promote vaccination = Reduce need for antibiotics by preventing illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inactivated vaccines = Contain killed pathogens Live attenuated vaccines = Use weakened forms of the pathogen Subunit vaccines = Use pieces of the pathogen to stimulate immunity mRNA vaccines = Teach cells to make a protein that prompts an immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Global warming = Alters habitats and increases vectors for disease Travelling = Facilitates rapid spread of pathogens Crowded cities = Increases chances of close contact and disease spread Close proximity to animals = Enhances zoonotic transmission risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Herd immunity = Protection of a population when a high percentage is immune Vaccination = Process of administering vaccines to stimulate immunity Immunization programs = Structured efforts to vaccinate a population Small social circles = Limiting interactions to reduce disease transmission risks</p> Signup and view all the answers