Biology Chapter on Kingdom Monera
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Questions and Answers

Which method of genetic recombination is NOT mentioned as occurring in bacteria?

  • Fission (correct)
  • Conjugation
  • Transduction
  • Transformation

What characteristic do bacteria share with plants?

  • They reproduce via seeds.
  • They have complex multicellular structures.
  • They can prepare their food utilizing CO2. (correct)
  • They have chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

What is the size range of bacteria as stated in the content?

  • 1µm – 3µm
  • 0.5µm – 1.5µm
  • 0.2µm – 2µm (correct)
  • 0.2µm – 5µm

Which bacteria are classified as 'Streptococcus'?

<p>Bacteria present in chains of cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the longest bacterium mentioned?

<p>Bacillus butschilli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'monococcus' refer to?

<p>Single, oval or round cell bacteria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes bacteria's cosmopolitan nature?

<p>Bacteria can survive in extreme conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which family do the bacteria of the genus Vibrio belong to?

<p>Schizomycetaceae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of photoautotrophs?

<p>They require sunlight and bacteriochlorophyll for food production. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria absorbs organic carbon for energy?

<p>Heterotrophic bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when saprophytic bacteria decompose carbohydrates?

<p>Fermentation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes symbiotic bacteria?

<p>Bacteria that form mutual relationships with other organisms for mutual benefit. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a chemoautotroph?

<p>Nitrosomonas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key role of saprophytic bacteria in the ecosystem?

<p>They decompose dead organic matter and recycle nutrients. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes parasitic bacteria?

<p>They live on or within a host organism for food. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria type predominantly lives on decaying organic matter?

<p>Saprophytic bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium is associated with food poisoning from Staphylococcal sources?

<p>Staphylococcus aureus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria is responsible for the spoilage of wine?

<p>Acetobacter aceti (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process do certain bacteria use to convert soil nitrites into atmospheric nitrogen?

<p>Denitrification (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these bacteria is associated with the spoilage of protein-rich foods?

<p>Pseudomonas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of Cyanobacteria?

<p>They are prokaryotic with trichomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacteria is known to damage leather and wood?

<p>Spirochaete cytophage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacteria causes gas gangrene?

<p>Clostridium perfringens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What storage product is associated with Cyanobacteria?

<p>Starch and proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mathematical representation of bacterial growth over generations?

<p>$2^n$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the bacterial growth curve is characterized by slow growth as bacteria adapt to their environment?

<p>Lag Phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogenous compounds by bacteria?

<p>Nitrogen fixation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines pathogenic bacteria?

<p>Bacteria that cause disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacteria is known to perform nitrification?

<p>Nitrosomonas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about non-pathogenic bacteria is correct?

<p>They assist in digestion and produce beneficial compounds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the Stationary Phase of bacterial growth?

<p>The growth rate equals the death rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color do Gram positive bacteria appear after Gram staining?

<p>Deep violet or purple (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Gram negative bacteria?

<p>Thin and heterogenous cell wall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ammonification primarily responsible for in bacterial processes?

<p>Converting amino acids into ammonia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Gram staining technique?

<p>To classify bacteria into positive or negative groups (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase follows the Exponential Phase in the bacterial growth curve?

<p>Stationary Phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria are involved in the process of ammonification?

<p>Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus ramosus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacteria is an example of Gram positive bacteria?

<p>Streptococcus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reagent is used as a counterstain in Gram staining?

<p>Safranin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria are always benefitted in an association where the host is harmed?

<p>Pathogenic bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cell wall in Nostoc?

<p>It serves as a protective covering. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What components are found in the chromoplasm of the protoplast of Nostoc?

<p>Pigments, protein globules, and cyanophycean starch granules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT a form of reproduction in Nostoc?

<p>Sexual reproduction through gametes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure allows for respiration and separation of replicated DNA in Nostoc?

<p>Lamellosome. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are heterocysts primarily specialized for in Nostoc?

<p>Nitrogen fixation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do akinetes contribute to the reproduction of Nostoc?

<p>They act as thick-walled resting spores during adverse conditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do hormogonia arise in Nostoc?

<p>From the death of intercalary cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the protoplasm of Nostoc is inaccurate?

<p>It consists solely of chlorophyll for photosynthesis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the systematic position of Vibrio cholerae?

Vibrio cholerae belongs to the Kingdom Monera, Division Schizophytes, Class Schizomycetes, Order Pseudomonadales, Family Schizomycetaceae, Genus Vibrio, and Species cholerae.

How do bacteria reproduce?

Bacteria reproduce asexually without true sexual reproduction, but genetic recombination can occur through conjugation, transformation, and transduction.

What is the defining characteristic of Coccus bacteria?

Coccus bacteria (plural-cocci) have a unicellular, oval, rounded, or elliptical shape. They can exist as single cells or aggregate into various forms.

Describe Monococcus bacteria.

Monococcus is a single, oval, or round bacterium. An example is Micrococcus flavus.

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Describe Diplococcus bacteria.

Diplococcus bacteria are oval or rounded and remain in pairs. An example is Diplococcus pneumonia.

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Describe Tetracoccus bacteria.

Tetracoccus bacteria are round and present in tetrad form, meaning four cells arranged in two planes at right angles to one another. An example is Gaffkya tetragena.

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Describe Streptococcus bacteria.

Streptococcus bacteria are oval or rounded and present in a chain of cells. An example is Streptococcus pyogenes.

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Describe Staphylococcus bacteria.

Staphylococcus bacteria are oval or rounded and present like bunches of grapes, forming an irregular cluster. An example is Staphylococcus aureus.

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Photoautotrophic bacteria

Bacteria that produce their own food using sunlight and pigments like bacteriochlorophyll. They do not produce oxygen.

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Chemoautotrophic bacteria

Bacteria that obtain energy from chemical reactions involving inorganic compounds like ammonia, nitrates, and hydrogen sulfide.

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Heterotrophic bacteria

Bacteria that cannot make their own food and rely on consuming organic carbon from other organisms or dead matter.

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Saprophytic bacteria

Bacteria that feed on dead and decaying organic matter, breaking down complex compounds into simpler ones.

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Symbiotic bacteria

Bacteria that live in a mutually beneficial relationship with other organisms, where both partners benefit.

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Parasitic bacteria

Bacteria that live on or inside a host organism, obtaining food at the host's expense.

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Fermentation

The process of breaking down carbohydrates by saprophytic bacteria.

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Putrefaction

The process of breaking down proteins by saprophytic bacteria.

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Pathogenic Bacteria

Parasitic bacteria that cause disease in their host.

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Non-Pathogenic Bacteria

Parasitic bacteria that do not cause disease in their host.

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Gram Staining

A technique used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure.

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Gram Positive Bacteria

Bacteria that retain purple color after Gram staining, indicating a thicker cell wall.

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Gram Negative Bacteria

Bacteria that lose purple color after Gram staining, indicating a thinner cell wall.

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Cell Wall Thickness

A key factor in Gram Staining, where a thicker cell wall leads to purple retention.

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Safranin Stain

Used to stain Gram-negative bacteria red or pink after the Gram staining process.

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What causes black leg in cattle?

Black leg in cattle is caused by the bacteria Clostridium chauvoei.

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What are the characteristics of Cyanobacteria?

Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are prokaryotic, omnipresent, often form filaments called trichomes with sheaths, and contain a variety of pigments including chlorophyll-a, carotenoids, and phycobilins.

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Name a bacteria that causes food poisoning.

Staphylococcus aureus can cause staphylococcal food poisoning.

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What causes Cholera?

Vibrio cholerae causes Cholera.

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What bacteria can spoil wine?

Acetobacter aceti can spoil wine.

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How do bacteria like Bacillus denitrificans affect soil fertility?

Bacillus denitrificans and other denitrifying bacteria convert nitrites in soil into atmospheric nitrogen, decreasing the soil's fertility by reducing nitrogen content.

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What bacteria cause gas gangrene?

Clostridium perfringens causes gas gangrene.

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Name a bacterial species that damages leather.

Spirochaete cytophage can damage leather.

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What is exponential growth in bacteria?

Exponential growth in bacteria refers to a rapid increase in population size where the number of cells doubles with each generation. It's represented by the formula 2^n, where 'n' is the number of generations. This results in a dramatic increase over a short period.

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What are the phases of a typical bacterial growth curve?

A typical bacterial growth curve shows four distinct phases: 1. Lag Phase: Initial slow growth as bacteria adjust to the new environment. 2. Exponential (log) Phase: Rapid increase in population size as bacteria reproduce actively. 3. Stationary Phase: Growth rate plateaus as resources become limited. 4. Death Phase: Number of viable cells declines due to exhaustion of resources and accumulation of waste.

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What is nitrogen fixation and why is it important?

Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) into usable forms like ammonia (NH3) by certain bacteria. This process is crucial for plant growth as nitrogen is a key component of proteins and nucleic acids.

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What bacteria perform nitrogen fixation?

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are either free-living in the soil (e.g., Azotobacter, Clostridium) or symbiotic with plants, living in root nodules (e.g., Rhizobium).

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What is ammonification and why is it important?

Ammonification is the process where saprophytic (decomposer) bacteria break down dead organic matter (plants/animals) and waste products into ammonia. Ammonia is then used by other bacteria for nitrification, making nitrogen available to plants.

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What is nitrification and why is it important?

Nitrification is the conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrites (NO2-) and then nitrates (NO3-) by specific bacteria. Nitrates are the most readily absorbed form of nitrogen by plants, making it crucial for their growth.

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What bacteria perform nitrification?

Nitrifying bacteria like Nitrosomonas convert ammonia into nitrites, while Nitrobacter further converts nitrites into nitrates.

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How are bacteria both friends and enemies of humans?

Bacteria are both beneficial and harmful to humans: Beneficial: They contribute to agriculture (nitrogen cycle), industries (e.g., fermentation), and medicine (e.g., antibiotics). Harmful: Certain bacteria cause diseases (e.g., cholera, tuberculosis).

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What are hormogonia?

Hormogonia are short segments of Nostoc trichomes that break off due to cell death or other factors. They are capable of growing into new filaments and eventually forming new colonies.

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How do akinetes help Nostoc survive harsh conditions?

Akinetes are thick-walled resting spores formed by Nostoc under unfavorable conditions. They remain dormant and are able to survive harsh environments until favorable conditions return.

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What is the function of heterocysts in Nostoc?

Heterocysts are specialized cells in Nostoc filaments designed for nitrogen fixation. They have a thick wall that prevents oxygen from entering, allowing nitrogenase enzymes to function effectively.

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What is the structure of Nostoc's protoplasm?

The protoplasm of Nostoc has two distinct parts: an inner colorless 'centroplasm' and an outer pigmented 'chromoplasm.' The chromoplasm contains pigments, protein globules, fat droplets, gas vacuoles, and cyanophycean starch granules.

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How does vegetative reproduction occur in Nostoc?

Nostoc reproduces vegetatively through fragmentation and hormogonia formation. Fragmentation involves the colony breaking into smaller pieces, each capable of becoming a new trichome. Hormogonia are short pieces of trichomes released from the colony.

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What is the significance of the cell membrane in Nostoc?

The cell membrane in Nostoc is a lipo-proteinous layer that forms infoldings called lamellosomes. These lamellosomes are involved in respiration, septum formation, and the separation of replicated DNA.

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Why is the cell wall important for Nostoc?

The cell wall is the outermost, rigid layer of Nostoc, providing protection and structural support. It is composed of peptidoglycan and mucopeptide and is covered by a gelatinous sheath.

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Describe the reproductive methods used by Nostoc.

Nostoc reproduces through vegetative and asexual methods. Vegetative reproduction occurs through fragmentation and hormogonia formation. Asexual reproduction involves the formation of akinetes and heterocysts.

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Study Notes

Kingdom Monera

  • Monera includes prokaryotic organisms
  • These are the simplest, smallest, and most primitive organisms
  • Found in various habitats
  • Classified by Stanier and Van Neil
  • Part of the five kingdom classification system (Whitaker, 1969)

General Characteristics of Monera

  • Primitive, prokaryotic, and unicellular organisms
  • Lack a membrane-bound nucleus, but have a nucleoid containing DNA, RNA, and protein
  • Contains double-stranded, circular DNA without histone proteins suspended in the cytoplasm
  • Possess a rigid cell wall
  • Lacks membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria, plastids, and Golgi bodies
  • Found worldwide (cosmopolitan)
  • Nutrition: includes autotrophs and heterotrophs (saprophytes, parasites, and symbionts, commensals)

Respiration

  • Obligate aerobes: Organisms needing oxygen for survival (examples: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus, and Nocardia asteroids)
  • Obligate anaerobes: Organisms that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen (examples: Peptostreptococcus, Clostridium, Actinomyces, and Propionibacterium)
  • Facultative anaerobes: Organisms that can survive with or without oxygen (examples: Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Listeria, and Yersinia pestis)

Other Characteristics

  • Decomposers and mineralizers
  • Reserved food materials: glycogen or fats or cyanophycean starch
  • Movement: accomplished through flagella or by diffusion
  • Reproduction: occurs through vegetative or asexual means. Sexual reproduction is absent, but genetic recombination can occur via conjugation, transformation, and transduction

Classification of Monera

  • Eubacteria and Archaebacteria are the two major groups
  • Archaebacteria: ancient bacteria that can survive in extreme conditions
  • Eubacteria: true bacteria living in normal conditions
  • Carl Woese (1990) proposed a three domain system of classification based on ribosomal RNA sequences: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

Bacteria

  • Microscopic organisms, also known as germs or microbes.
  • Prokaryotic (lacks a membrane-bound nucleus)
  • Mostly unicellular organisms, though they can form colonies.
  • Cosmopolitan in distribution.
  • Cell wall composed of peptidoglycan (or mucopeptide) and lipo polysaccharide.
  • 70S ribosomes in cytoplasmic matrix
  • Important characteristics for classification: Shape, Gram reaction, movement, nutrition, reproduction
  • Can be shaped as coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod-shaped), spirillum (spiral), vibrio (curved) etc.
  • Gram + or Gram - depending on Gram staining
  • Modes of nutrition: Autotrophic (photoautotrophs or chemoautotrophs) or Heterotrophic (saprophytic, symbiotic, or parasitic)

Bacterial Cell Structure

  • Slime layer or capsule
  • Cell wall
  • Plasma/cell membrane
  • Mesosomes
  • Cytoplasm: contains ribosomes (70S), gas vacuoles
  • Inclusion bodies: glycogen, starch, polyhydroxybutyric acid (PHB)
  • Other inclusions like nuclear body (DNA), plasmids, flagella
  • Some also contain sex pili or fimbria

Bacterial Growth Curve

  • Growth is geometric/exponential.
  • Main phases of bacterial growth are: Lag, Log (Exponential), Stationary, and Death.

Economic Importance of Bacteria

  • Beneficial: - Nitrogen fixation - Ammonification - Nitrification - Decay of plant/animal matter - Sewage disposal - Used in dairy - Used in industrial processes (alcohol, acetone, leather tanning, vinegar) - Used in production of enzymes (proteases, pectinase, streptokinase) - Production of vitamins - Protection of vagina - Production of humulin (human insulin) - In medicine producing antibiotics, antiserums, vaccines
  • Harmful:
    • Causing diseases in plants, animals, and humans.
    • Spoiling food
  • The list above is not exhaustive and more features can be added. This information is based on the provided text and may not encompass every possibility.

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Explore the fascinating world of Monera in this quiz. Delve into the characteristics, classification, and respiration of prokaryotic organisms. Test your knowledge on these primitive yet essential life forms found in various habitats.

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