Biology Chapter on Kingdom Monera
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Questions and Answers

Which method of genetic recombination is NOT mentioned as occurring in bacteria?

  • Fission (correct)
  • Conjugation
  • Transduction
  • Transformation

    • What characteristic do bacteria share with plants?

  • They reproduce via seeds.
  • They have complex multicellular structures.
  • They can prepare their food utilizing CO2. (correct)
  • They have chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

    • What is the size range of bacteria as stated in the content?

  • 1µm – 3µm
  • 0.5µm – 1.5µm
  • 0.2µm – 2µm (correct)
  • 0.2µm – 5µm

    • Which bacteria are classified as 'Streptococcus'?

    <p>Bacteria present in chains of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the longest bacterium mentioned?

    <p>Bacillus butschilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'monococcus' refer to?

    <p>Single, oval or round cell bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes bacteria's cosmopolitan nature?

    <p>Bacteria can survive in extreme conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family do the bacteria of the genus Vibrio belong to?

    <p>Schizomycetaceae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of photoautotrophs?

    <p>They require sunlight and bacteriochlorophyll for food production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria absorbs organic carbon for energy?

    <p>Heterotrophic bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when saprophytic bacteria decompose carbohydrates?

    <p>Fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes symbiotic bacteria?

    <p>Bacteria that form mutual relationships with other organisms for mutual benefit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a chemoautotroph?

    <p>Nitrosomonas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key role of saprophytic bacteria in the ecosystem?

    <p>They decompose dead organic matter and recycle nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes parasitic bacteria?

    <p>They live on or within a host organism for food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria type predominantly lives on decaying organic matter?

    <p>Saprophytic bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is associated with food poisoning from Staphylococcal sources?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria is responsible for the spoilage of wine?

    <p>Acetobacter aceti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process do certain bacteria use to convert soil nitrites into atmospheric nitrogen?

    <p>Denitrification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these bacteria is associated with the spoilage of protein-rich foods?

    <p>Pseudomonas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of Cyanobacteria?

    <p>They are prokaryotic with trichomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria is known to damage leather and wood?

    <p>Spirochaete cytophage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria causes gas gangrene?

    <p>Clostridium perfringens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What storage product is associated with Cyanobacteria?

    <p>Starch and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mathematical representation of bacterial growth over generations?

    <p>$2^n$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the bacterial growth curve is characterized by slow growth as bacteria adapt to their environment?

    <p>Lag Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogenous compounds by bacteria?

    <p>Nitrogen fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines pathogenic bacteria?

    <p>Bacteria that cause disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria is known to perform nitrification?

    <p>Nitrosomonas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about non-pathogenic bacteria is correct?

    <p>They assist in digestion and produce beneficial compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the Stationary Phase of bacterial growth?

    <p>The growth rate equals the death rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color do Gram positive bacteria appear after Gram staining?

    <p>Deep violet or purple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Gram negative bacteria?

    <p>Thin and heterogenous cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ammonification primarily responsible for in bacterial processes?

    <p>Converting amino acids into ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the Gram staining technique?

    <p>To classify bacteria into positive or negative groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase follows the Exponential Phase in the bacterial growth curve?

    <p>Stationary Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria are involved in the process of ammonification?

    <p>Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus ramosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria is an example of Gram positive bacteria?

    <p>Streptococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reagent is used as a counterstain in Gram staining?

    <p>Safranin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria are always benefitted in an association where the host is harmed?

    <p>Pathogenic bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cell wall in Nostoc?

    <p>It serves as a protective covering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What components are found in the chromoplasm of the protoplast of Nostoc?

    <p>Pigments, protein globules, and cyanophycean starch granules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT a form of reproduction in Nostoc?

    <p>Sexual reproduction through gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure allows for respiration and separation of replicated DNA in Nostoc?

    <p>Lamellosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are heterocysts primarily specialized for in Nostoc?

    <p>Nitrogen fixation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do akinetes contribute to the reproduction of Nostoc?

    <p>They act as thick-walled resting spores during adverse conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do hormogonia arise in Nostoc?

    <p>From the death of intercalary cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the protoplasm of Nostoc is inaccurate?

    <p>It consists solely of chlorophyll for photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Kingdom Monera

    • Monera includes prokaryotic organisms
    • These are the simplest, smallest, and most primitive organisms
    • Found in various habitats
    • Classified by Stanier and Van Neil
    • Part of the five kingdom classification system (Whitaker, 1969)

    General Characteristics of Monera

    • Primitive, prokaryotic, and unicellular organisms
    • Lack a membrane-bound nucleus, but have a nucleoid containing DNA, RNA, and protein
    • Contains double-stranded, circular DNA without histone proteins suspended in the cytoplasm
    • Possess a rigid cell wall
    • Lacks membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria, plastids, and Golgi bodies
    • Found worldwide (cosmopolitan)
    • Nutrition: includes autotrophs and heterotrophs (saprophytes, parasites, and symbionts, commensals)

    Respiration

    • Obligate aerobes: Organisms needing oxygen for survival (examples: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus, and Nocardia asteroids)
    • Obligate anaerobes: Organisms that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen (examples: Peptostreptococcus, Clostridium, Actinomyces, and Propionibacterium)
    • Facultative anaerobes: Organisms that can survive with or without oxygen (examples: Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Listeria, and Yersinia pestis)

    Other Characteristics

    • Decomposers and mineralizers
    • Reserved food materials: glycogen or fats or cyanophycean starch
    • Movement: accomplished through flagella or by diffusion
    • Reproduction: occurs through vegetative or asexual means. Sexual reproduction is absent, but genetic recombination can occur via conjugation, transformation, and transduction

    Classification of Monera

    • Eubacteria and Archaebacteria are the two major groups
    • Archaebacteria: ancient bacteria that can survive in extreme conditions
    • Eubacteria: true bacteria living in normal conditions
    • Carl Woese (1990) proposed a three domain system of classification based on ribosomal RNA sequences: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

    Bacteria

    • Microscopic organisms, also known as germs or microbes.
    • Prokaryotic (lacks a membrane-bound nucleus)
    • Mostly unicellular organisms, though they can form colonies.
    • Cosmopolitan in distribution.
    • Cell wall composed of peptidoglycan (or mucopeptide) and lipo polysaccharide.
    • 70S ribosomes in cytoplasmic matrix
    • Important characteristics for classification: Shape, Gram reaction, movement, nutrition, reproduction
    • Can be shaped as coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod-shaped), spirillum (spiral), vibrio (curved) etc.
    • Gram + or Gram - depending on Gram staining
    • Modes of nutrition: Autotrophic (photoautotrophs or chemoautotrophs) or Heterotrophic (saprophytic, symbiotic, or parasitic)

    Bacterial Cell Structure

    • Slime layer or capsule
    • Cell wall
    • Plasma/cell membrane
    • Mesosomes
    • Cytoplasm: contains ribosomes (70S), gas vacuoles
    • Inclusion bodies: glycogen, starch, polyhydroxybutyric acid (PHB)
    • Other inclusions like nuclear body (DNA), plasmids, flagella
    • Some also contain sex pili or fimbria

    Bacterial Growth Curve

    • Growth is geometric/exponential.
    • Main phases of bacterial growth are: Lag, Log (Exponential), Stationary, and Death.

    Economic Importance of Bacteria

    • Beneficial: - Nitrogen fixation - Ammonification - Nitrification - Decay of plant/animal matter - Sewage disposal - Used in dairy - Used in industrial processes (alcohol, acetone, leather tanning, vinegar) - Used in production of enzymes (proteases, pectinase, streptokinase) - Production of vitamins - Protection of vagina - Production of humulin (human insulin) - In medicine producing antibiotics, antiserums, vaccines
    • Harmful:
      • Causing diseases in plants, animals, and humans.
      • Spoiling food
    • The list above is not exhaustive and more features can be added. This information is based on the provided text and may not encompass every possibility.

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    Monera Students' Copy PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of Monera in this quiz. Delve into the characteristics, classification, and respiration of prokaryotic organisms. Test your knowledge on these primitive yet essential life forms found in various habitats.

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