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Questions and Answers
What is the function of glycoproteins in the cell membrane?
What is the function of glycoproteins in the cell membrane?
Which type of leukocyte is primarily responsible for engulfing and digesting pathogens?
Which type of leukocyte is primarily responsible for engulfing and digesting pathogens?
What kind of protein are antigens typically associated with?
What kind of protein are antigens typically associated with?
What triggers the immune response recognized by white blood cells?
What triggers the immune response recognized by white blood cells?
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Which leukocyte type is involved in the body's specific immune responses?
Which leukocyte type is involved in the body's specific immune responses?
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What role do basophils play in the immune reaction?
What role do basophils play in the immune reaction?
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What is the primary role of eosinophils?
What is the primary role of eosinophils?
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What non-specific response occurs during localized infections?
What non-specific response occurs during localized infections?
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What role do mast cells play in the immune response?
What role do mast cells play in the immune response?
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Why does the hypothalamus raise body temperature during an infection?
Why does the hypothalamus raise body temperature during an infection?
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What is the main function of phagocytes in the immune system?
What is the main function of phagocytes in the immune system?
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What can happen if a fever is not treated correctly?
What can happen if a fever is not treated correctly?
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How do interferons function in the immune response?
How do interferons function in the immune response?
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What is the role of cytokines in the immune response?
What is the role of cytokines in the immune response?
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What distinguishes specific responses in the immune system?
What distinguishes specific responses in the immune system?
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Which type of leukocyte is primarily responsible for long-term immunity?
Which type of leukocyte is primarily responsible for long-term immunity?
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What is the primary role of B-cells in the immune response?
What is the primary role of B-cells in the immune response?
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Where are T-cells activated in the body?
Where are T-cells activated in the body?
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What do T-helper cells stimulate B-cells to produce?
What do T-helper cells stimulate B-cells to produce?
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What is the function of B-memory cells?
What is the function of B-memory cells?
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What do macrophages do during the T helper activation stage?
What do macrophages do during the T helper activation stage?
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Which of the following cells are part of the humoral response?
Which of the following cells are part of the humoral response?
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What do cytokines released by active T-helper cells do?
What do cytokines released by active T-helper cells do?
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Which is a key component of the immunological memory?
Which is a key component of the immunological memory?
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What is the main method through which artificial immunity is provided?
What is the main method through which artificial immunity is provided?
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What characterizes artificial passive immunity?
What characterizes artificial passive immunity?
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Which method involves the use of a detoxified form of a toxin to grant immunity?
Which method involves the use of a detoxified form of a toxin to grant immunity?
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What is the goal of disease eradication?
What is the goal of disease eradication?
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What must continue even after elimination of a disease?
What must continue even after elimination of a disease?
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What is the purpose of herd immunity?
What is the purpose of herd immunity?
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What do antibiotics rely on for effectiveness?
What do antibiotics rely on for effectiveness?
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Which of the following is NOT a method of artificial active immunity?
Which of the following is NOT a method of artificial active immunity?
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What action do bacteriostatic antibiotics primarily perform?
What action do bacteriostatic antibiotics primarily perform?
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Which type of antibiotic is primarily used in serious infections?
Which type of antibiotic is primarily used in serious infections?
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What does it mean if a pathogen is described as antibiotic resistant?
What does it mean if a pathogen is described as antibiotic resistant?
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What can increase the selection pressures that lead to antibiotic-resistant bacteria?
What can increase the selection pressures that lead to antibiotic-resistant bacteria?
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Which of the following is true regarding broad-spectrum antibiotics?
Which of the following is true regarding broad-spectrum antibiotics?
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Which action does not describe the mechanism of bactericidal antibiotics?
Which action does not describe the mechanism of bactericidal antibiotics?
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What term describes a pathogen that needs a high dosage of antibiotics to be affected?
What term describes a pathogen that needs a high dosage of antibiotics to be affected?
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What is one way to combat the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria?
What is one way to combat the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria?
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What is a primary reason for controlling the use of antibiotics in hospitals?
What is a primary reason for controlling the use of antibiotics in hospitals?
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Which of the following infections is known to be caused by antibiotic treatment that disrupts gut flora?
Which of the following infections is known to be caused by antibiotic treatment that disrupts gut flora?
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What method is used to prevent the spread of hospital-acquired infections?
What method is used to prevent the spread of hospital-acquired infections?
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How does methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) affect the body?
How does methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) affect the body?
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What is a key practice for healthcare professionals to prevent HAIs?
What is a key practice for healthcare professionals to prevent HAIs?
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What kind of setting should patients with HAIs be placed in?
What kind of setting should patients with HAIs be placed in?
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What is the role of hand-washing in infection prevention?
What is the role of hand-washing in infection prevention?
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Why is it important to complete the full course of antibiotics?
Why is it important to complete the full course of antibiotics?
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Study Notes
Non-Specific Responses to Infection
- The body's ability to distinguish "self" from "non-self" cells is crucial for preventing illness.
- Cells of different organisms have unique proteins (e.g., glycoproteins) for recognition.
- Self and non-self cell recognition is important for immune responses.
- White blood cells (leucocytes) can respond non-specifically to pathogens.
- Leucocytes can respond to various pathogens and are a part of non-specific immunity.
- Some leucocytes have non-specific responses to pathogens, others have specific responses.
- They are responsible for defending the body against infection.
Leucocytes and Their Types
- Leucocytes are formed in bone marrow.
- They are larger than red blood cells (erythrocytes).
- They can change shape to squeeze through blood vessels.
- Granulocytes contain granules in their cytoplasm and have lobed nuclei.
- Three types of granulocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
- Neutrophils are phagocytes, making up to 70% of leucocytes.
- Eosinophils combat parasites.
- Basophils produce histamine involved in inflammation.
- Agranulocytes lack granules and have a round nucleus.
- Two types are monocytes (which develop into macrophages) and lymphocytes.
- Macrophages engulf and destroy pathogens.
- Lymphocytes are involved in specific responses.
Non-Specific Responses
- Inflammation occurs at a localized site of infection.
- Mast cells release histamine to dilate blood vessels.
- Fever is a non-specific response, helpful in fighting infection.
- Fever makes the body less hospitable to pathogens.
- Phagocytosis is the process of engulfing and destroying pathogens.
Interferons
- Cells invaded by viruses release chemicals called interferons.
- Interferons limit viral replication in cells.
- The chemical diffuses to other cells to prevent infection.
The Humoral Response
- The immune system responds to antigens outside body cells.
- Phagocytes present antigens to T-helper cells.
- T-helper cells activate B-cells.
- B-cells produce antibodies (immunoglobulins) specific to the pathogen.
- Antibodies bind to antigens to disable pathogens.
Cell-Mediated Response
- This response is triggered by pathogens that have infected body cells.
- Killer T-cells recognize infected cells with specific antigens.
- T-Killer cells and antibodies destroy infected cells.
Primary and Secondary Immune Responses
- The primary response is slower and weaker than the secondary response in the case of a repeat infection.
- The secondary response is quicker and stronger because memory cells are produced after the first infection.
Developing Immunity
- Natural immunity happens naturally.
- Natural active immunity is when the pathogen causes immunity.
- Natural passive immunity is temporary immunity from the mother, like through breast milk.
- Artificial immunity can be induced through vaccination.
- Artificial active immunity uses a safe form of the pathogen.
- Artificial passive immunity uses antibodies from another source.
Eradication, Elimination, and Control of Disease
- Eradication means no cases of a disease exist.
- Elimination means a disease is not found in any place.
- Control is when the disease is managed with vaccines.
Herd Immunity
- It occurs when a significant portion of a population is vaccinated, reducing disease spread.
Antibiotics
- Antibiotics are drugs that kill or stop the growth of microorganisms.
- Bacteriostatic drugs halt microbial growth.
- Bactericidal drugs kill microbes.
- Antibiotics interrupt microbial metabolic processes.
- Resistance occurs when the pathogen adapts, making the drug less effective.
Antibiotic Resistance
- Antibiotic resistance is a significant problem.
- Overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics worsen the problem.
- Proper antibiotic use is important.
Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs)
- Infections acquired in a hospital or healthcare setting.
- Hand hygiene, isolation, and preventative measures are crucial.
- Prevention and control of HAIs are essential to reduce complications.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of non-specific immunity and the role of leucocytes in infection response. This quiz covers the vital functions of white blood cells, their types, and how they defend the body against pathogens. Test your knowledge on the immune system's first line of defense!