Biology Chapter on Immunology
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of glycoproteins in the cell membrane?

  • They facilitate nutrient absorption.
  • They act as antigens for cell recognition. (correct)
  • They assist in ATP production.
  • They provide structural support to the cell.
  • Which type of leukocyte is primarily responsible for engulfing and digesting pathogens?

  • Lymphocytes
  • Neutrophils (correct)
  • Monocytes
  • Basophils
  • What kind of protein are antigens typically associated with?

  • Hormones
  • Glycoproteins (correct)
  • Enzymes
  • Membrane channels
  • What triggers the immune response recognized by white blood cells?

    <p>Antigens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type is involved in the body's specific immune responses?

    <p>Agranulocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do basophils play in the immune reaction?

    <p>Produce histamines and engage in inflammation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of eosinophils?

    <p>Combat parasites and allergic reactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What non-specific response occurs during localized infections?

    <p>Inflammation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do mast cells play in the immune response?

    <p>They release histamines that cause blood vessel dilation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the hypothalamus raise body temperature during an infection?

    <p>To enhance the efficiency of specific immune responses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of phagocytes in the immune system?

    <p>To digest and break down pathogens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen if a fever is not treated correctly?

    <p>It might lead to dehydration and tissue damage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do interferons function in the immune response?

    <p>They inhibit viral replication and boost resistance in neighboring cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cytokines in the immune response?

    <p>To stimulate phagocytes and raise body temperature. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes specific responses in the immune system?

    <p>They require immunological memory and recognition of antigens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukocyte is primarily responsible for long-term immunity?

    <p>Lymphocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of B-cells in the immune response?

    <p>To produce antibodies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are T-cells activated in the body?

    <p>In the thymus gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do T-helper cells stimulate B-cells to produce?

    <p>Plasma cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of B-memory cells?

    <p>To provide immunological memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do macrophages do during the T helper activation stage?

    <p>Engulf antigens and present them with MHC (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells are part of the humoral response?

    <p>Plasma cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do cytokines released by active T-helper cells do?

    <p>Stimulate B-cells to divide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a key component of the immunological memory?

    <p>B-memory cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main method through which artificial immunity is provided?

    <p>Immunisation by vaccines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes artificial passive immunity?

    <p>Injection of antibodies from one individual to another (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method involves the use of a detoxified form of a toxin to grant immunity?

    <p>Artificial active immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of disease eradication?

    <p>The disease is completely eliminated from all hosts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must continue even after elimination of a disease?

    <p>Continuous immunization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of herd immunity?

    <p>Reducing infection rates in the entire population (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do antibiotics rely on for effectiveness?

    <p>Selective toxicity towards pathogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of artificial active immunity?

    <p>Injection of live pathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action do bacteriostatic antibiotics primarily perform?

    <p>They block metabolic pathways to inhibit growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antibiotic is primarily used in serious infections?

    <p>Bactericidal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean if a pathogen is described as antibiotic resistant?

    <p>It is unaffected by the originally used antibiotic. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can increase the selection pressures that lead to antibiotic-resistant bacteria?

    <p>Incomplete courses of antibiotic treatment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding broad-spectrum antibiotics?

    <p>They destroy a wide range of bacteria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action does not describe the mechanism of bactericidal antibiotics?

    <p>Inhibiting metabolic pathways. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a pathogen that needs a high dosage of antibiotics to be affected?

    <p>Moderately sensitive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to combat the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria?

    <p>Ensure antibiotics are taken as prescribed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary reason for controlling the use of antibiotics in hospitals?

    <p>To encourage bacteria to evolve resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following infections is known to be caused by antibiotic treatment that disrupts gut flora?

    <p>Clostridium difficile (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is used to prevent the spread of hospital-acquired infections?

    <p>Isolation of infected patients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) affect the body?

    <p>It can cause infections once inside the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key practice for healthcare professionals to prevent HAIs?

    <p>Regularly washing hands with alcohol-based gels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of setting should patients with HAIs be placed in?

    <p>An isolation room with high-level hygiene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hand-washing in infection prevention?

    <p>It helps eliminate pathogens from healthcare workers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to complete the full course of antibiotics?

    <p>To ensure all bacteria are eliminated and prevent resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Non-Specific Responses to Infection

    • The body's ability to distinguish "self" from "non-self" cells is crucial for preventing illness.
    • Cells of different organisms have unique proteins (e.g., glycoproteins) for recognition.
    • Self and non-self cell recognition is important for immune responses.
    • White blood cells (leucocytes) can respond non-specifically to pathogens.
    • Leucocytes can respond to various pathogens and are a part of non-specific immunity.
    • Some leucocytes have non-specific responses to pathogens, others have specific responses.
    • They are responsible for defending the body against infection.

    Leucocytes and Their Types

    • Leucocytes are formed in bone marrow.
    • They are larger than red blood cells (erythrocytes).
    • They can change shape to squeeze through blood vessels.
    • Granulocytes contain granules in their cytoplasm and have lobed nuclei.
    • Three types of granulocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
    • Neutrophils are phagocytes, making up to 70% of leucocytes.
    • Eosinophils combat parasites.
    • Basophils produce histamine involved in inflammation.
    • Agranulocytes lack granules and have a round nucleus.
    • Two types are monocytes (which develop into macrophages) and lymphocytes.
    • Macrophages engulf and destroy pathogens.
    • Lymphocytes are involved in specific responses.

    Non-Specific Responses

    • Inflammation occurs at a localized site of infection.
    • Mast cells release histamine to dilate blood vessels.
    • Fever is a non-specific response, helpful in fighting infection.
    • Fever makes the body less hospitable to pathogens.
    • Phagocytosis is the process of engulfing and destroying pathogens.

    Interferons

    • Cells invaded by viruses release chemicals called interferons.
    • Interferons limit viral replication in cells.
    • The chemical diffuses to other cells to prevent infection.

    The Humoral Response

    • The immune system responds to antigens outside body cells.
    • Phagocytes present antigens to T-helper cells.
    • T-helper cells activate B-cells.
    • B-cells produce antibodies (immunoglobulins) specific to the pathogen.
    • Antibodies bind to antigens to disable pathogens.

    Cell-Mediated Response

    • This response is triggered by pathogens that have infected body cells.
    • Killer T-cells recognize infected cells with specific antigens.
    • T-Killer cells and antibodies destroy infected cells.

    Primary and Secondary Immune Responses

    • The primary response is slower and weaker than the secondary response in the case of a repeat infection.
    • The secondary response is quicker and stronger because memory cells are produced after the first infection.

    Developing Immunity

    • Natural immunity happens naturally.
    • Natural active immunity is when the pathogen causes immunity.
    • Natural passive immunity is temporary immunity from the mother, like through breast milk.
    • Artificial immunity can be induced through vaccination.
    • Artificial active immunity uses a safe form of the pathogen.
    • Artificial passive immunity uses antibodies from another source.

    Eradication, Elimination, and Control of Disease

    • Eradication means no cases of a disease exist.
    • Elimination means a disease is not found in any place.
    • Control is when the disease is managed with vaccines.

    Herd Immunity

    • It occurs when a significant portion of a population is vaccinated, reducing disease spread.

    Antibiotics

    • Antibiotics are drugs that kill or stop the growth of microorganisms.
    • Bacteriostatic drugs halt microbial growth.
    • Bactericidal drugs kill microbes.
    • Antibiotics interrupt microbial metabolic processes.
    • Resistance occurs when the pathogen adapts, making the drug less effective.

    Antibiotic Resistance

    • Antibiotic resistance is a significant problem.
    • Overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics worsen the problem.
    • Proper antibiotic use is important.

    Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs)

    • Infections acquired in a hospital or healthcare setting.
    • Hand hygiene, isolation, and preventative measures are crucial.
    • Prevention and control of HAIs are essential to reduce complications.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of non-specific immunity and the role of leucocytes in infection response. This quiz covers the vital functions of white blood cells, their types, and how they defend the body against pathogens. Test your knowledge on the immune system's first line of defense!

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