Biology Chapter on Genetics and Reproduction

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Questions and Answers

Which statement is accurate regarding dominant and recessive traits?

If a trait is dominant, both parents must express the trait.

If a trait is recessive, at least one parent will express the trait.

If a trait is recessive, both parents will express the trait.

If a trait is dominant, at least one parent will express the trait. (correct)

What is the result of meiosis in terms of chromosome sets?

It produces 2 haploid daughter cells.

It produces 2 diploid daughter cells.

It produces 4 haploid daughter cells. (correct)

It produces 4 diploid daughter cells.

Which statement best describes the process of crossing over?

It is the process of DNA replication before mitosis.

It is when homologous chromosomes exchange genes during prophase 1. (correct)

It occurs during anaphase 1 of meiosis.

It is the division of a cell into two identical daughter cells.

What is the difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis?

Oogenesis produces 1 egg, while spermatogenesis produces 4 sperm. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes cytokinesis in plant and animal cells?

In plant cells, a new cell plate is formed to divide the cytoplasm. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of buffers in biological systems?

To prevent sharp changes in pH Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies an independent variable in an experiment?

The amount of light received by a plant Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes saturated fats from unsaturated fats?

Saturated fats contain no carbon-carbon double bonds Signup and view all the answers

Which level of the hierarchy of life includes the largest grouping of organisms?

Biosphere Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily affected by homeostasis in living organisms?

Internal stability Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the role of carbohydrates in living organisms?

They serve as a source of short-term energy Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature distinguishes secondary protein structures?

They consist of coiled regions or alpha helices Signup and view all the answers

What defines nucleic acids within biological molecules?

They are made of nucleotides Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is primarily responsible for absorbing light in plants during photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll Signup and view all the answers

What are the three steps of the Calvin Cycle?

Fixation, reduction, regeneration Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ATP in cellular processes?

To provide a quick source of energy Signup and view all the answers

What products are generated as a result of cellular respiration?

Carbon dioxide and water Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect the rate of photosynthesis?

Soil pH Signup and view all the answers

Which process uses glucose to regenerate NAD+?

Fermentation Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

Formation of ATP and NADPH Signup and view all the answers

What is required for ATP synthesis during light-dependent reactions?

Light and chlorophyll Signup and view all the answers

Which organism type is NOT commonly associated with fermentation processes?

Plants Signup and view all the answers

What is the byproduct of alcoholic fermentation in addition to alcohol?

Carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What does glycolysis convert glucose into?

Lactate or pyruvate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the Law of Dominance?

Dominance can change depending on environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

In the case of codominance, what describes the outcome of an allele crossover?

Both alleles are expressed equally Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes gene linkage?

Linked genes are inherited together due to proximity on the same chromosome Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

It converts NADH into ATP using high energy electrons Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the Law of Segregation?

Gametes contain one allele for each trait after meiosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the cell membrane?

Regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a plant cell is responsible for photosynthesis?

Chloroplasts Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the movement of molecules from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration?

Active transport Signup and view all the answers

How do ribosomes primarily contribute to cellular function?

They synthesize proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes prokaryotic cells?

Their DNA is stored freely in the cytoplasm. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does an increased temperature generally have on the rate of diffusion?

It increases the rate of diffusion. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transport involves engulfing large particles and forming vacuoles within the cell?

Endocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

Packaging proteins and materials for storage Signup and view all the answers

Which type of solution has an equal concentration of solute and solvent?

Isotonic Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cytoskeleton?

To maintain cell shape and structure Signup and view all the answers

What defines facilitated diffusion?

It uses carrier proteins to assist in moving molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What role do enzymes play in biological reactions?

They speed up metabolic reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What structure allows the nucleus to interact with the cytoplasm?

Nuclear pores Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes lysosomes?

They break down organic molecules using enzymes. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Unit 1: Scientific Method

Independent variable: the variable manipulated by the researcher.
Dependent variable: the outcome variable.
Characteristics of life: sensitivity, reproduction, adaptation, growth, development, regulation, homeostasis, energy processing, and evolution.
Hierarchy of life: atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere.
Water: polar due to uneven electron distribution between oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
Cohesion: attraction between molecules of the same substance.
Adhesion: attraction between molecules of different substances.
Solute: a substance dissolved in a solvent.
Buffers: weak acids or bases that prevent drastic pH changes.
Carbohydrates: made of monosaccharides; used for short-term energy storage.
Lipids: made of fatty acids; saturated (solid) or unsaturated (liquid); used for energy storage, absorbing vitamins, and hormone production.
Nucleic acids: made of nucleotides; include DNA and RNA.
Proteins: made of amino acids; form polypeptide chains, which then fold into complex three-dimensional shapes.
Dehydration synthesis: process of forming bonds between molecules by removing water.
Hydrolysis: process of breaking bonds between molecules by adding water.
Enzymes: protein catalysts that speed up metabolic reactions.
Active site: region on an enzyme where the substrate binds.
Substrate: the substance on which an enzyme acts.
Products: the result of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
Factors affecting enzyme activity: temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, and activators/inhibitors.

Unit 2: Cell Structure

Cell membrane: protection, regulates what enters/exits the cell; made of a lipid bilayer.
Cell wall: provides support and strength; present in plant cells; made of cellulose.
Nucleus: controls cell activities, contains DNA; contains protons and neutrons.
Nuclear membrane: acts as a cell membrane for the nucleus.
Nucleolus: involved in ribosome production.
Chromatin: DNA packaged into units.
Cytoplasm: holds cellular components, protects them.
Ribosomes: produce proteins; made of RNA.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): lipid components of cell membranes, generates energy.
Mitochondria: generate energy.
Vacuoles: store water.
Lysosomes: break down organic molecules.
Golgi apparatus: packages proteins and other materials.
Chloroplasts: produce energy through photosynthesis; present in plant cells.
Microtubules: support cell shape.

Unit 3: Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis formula: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
Autotrophs: organisms that make their own food (plants).
Heterotrophs: organisms that consume other organisms for energy (animals).
Chlorophyll: plant pigment that absorbs light for photosynthesis.
Chloroplast: site of photosynthesis; contains thylakoids (where light-dependent reactions occur) and stroma (where Calvin cycle reactions occur).
Light-dependent reactions: convert light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH).
Calvin cycle: uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 into sugars.

Unit 4: Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration formula: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP.
Glycolysis: first step in cellular respiration; breakdown of glucose into pyruvate.
Krebs cycle: further breakdown of pyruvate to release energy.
Electron transport chain: generates ATP through the transfer of electrons.
Anaerobic respiration: occurs without oxygen, producing less ATP.
Aerobic respiration: requires oxygen, produces more ATP.
Fermentation: anaerobic process that regenerates NAD+ to allow glycolysis to continue.

Unit 4: Genetics

Gregor Mendel: father of genetics.
Purebred: organisms with two identical alleles for a given trait (e.g., PP or pp).
Hybrid: offspring of crossed purebred organisms.
P1 generation: parental generation.
F1 generation: first filial generation.
Law of Dominance: one allele is dominant over another.
Alleles: different forms of a gene.
Genes: units of heredity.
Genotype: genetic makeup.
Phenotype: physical appearance.
Law of Segregation: alleles separate during gamete formation.
Homozygous: having two identical alleles for a trait (e.g., AA or aa).
Heterozygous: having two different alleles for a trait (e.g., Aa).
Law of Independent Assortment: alleles of different genes are sorted into gametes independently.
Meiosis: process of cell division producing gametes.
Mitosis: cell division for growth and repair.

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Description

Test your understanding of key concepts in genetics and reproductive biology. This quiz covers dominant and recessive traits, meiosis results, crossing over, oogenesis vs. spermatogenesis, and cytokinesis in different cell types. Perfect for reinforcing your knowledge on these fundamental biological processes.